Application of Remote Sensing Detection and GIS in Analysis of Vegetation Pattern Dynamics in the Yellow River Delta

Regional vegetation pattern dynamics has a great impact on ecosystem and climate change. Remote sensing data and geographical information system （GIS） analysis were widely used in the detection of vegetation pattern dynamics. In this study, the Yellow River Delta was selected as the study area. By using 1986, 1993, 1996, 1999 and 2005 remote sensing data as basic information resource, with the support of GIS, a wetland vegetation spatial information dataset was built up. Through selecting the landscape metrics such as class area （CA）, class percent of landscape （PL）, number of patch （NP）, largest patch index （LPI） and mean patch size （MPS） etc., the dynamics of vcgetation pattern was analyzed. The result showed that the change of vegetation pattern is significant from 1986 to 2005. From 1986-1999, the area of the vegetation, the percent of vegetation, LPI and MPS decreased, the NP increased, the vegetation pattern tends to be fragmental. The decrease in vegetation area may well be explained by the fact of the nature environment evolution （Climate change and decrease in Yellow River runoff） and the increase in the population in the Yellow River Delta. However, from 1999 2005, the area of the vegetation, the percent of vegetation, LPI and MPS increased, while the NP decreased. This trend of restoration may be due to the implementation of water resources regulation for the Yellow River Delta since 1999.     

SETTING A NEW PHASE OF INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION IN THE FIELD OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

China is in an industrialization and urbanization phase, and yet faces the conflict between relatively deficient resources per capita and low utilization efficiency; the conflict between the lowering levels of fertility and strong population momentum; and the conflict between environmental degradation and unsustainable economic growth. It would be a great contribution to humanity to achieve sustainable development in the course of the rapid modernization taking place in China - the developing country with 22 percent of the population of the world.     

SETTING A NEW PHASE OF INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION IN THE FIELD OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

China is in an industrialization and urbanization phase, and yet faces the conflict between relatively deficient resources per capita and low utilization efficiency; the conflict between the lowering levels of fertility and strong population momentum; and the conflict between environmental degradation and unsustainable economic growth. It would be a great contribution to humanity to achieve sustainable development in the course of the rapid modernization taking place in China - the developing country with 22 percent of the population of the world.     

Land Degradation Evaluation in North Hebei Province Based on Remote Sensing and GIS

Land degradation is one of the serious environmental problems that can lead to poverty, and is especially prominent in eco-fragile areas in developing countries and increases the risk of environmental safety. North Hebei Province belongs to an ecologically fragile region in North China, which has great impact on the eco-safety of Beijing and Tianjin. Using Landsat TM data and GIS, this paper evaluates land degradation in North Hebei province of China from the the 1960＇s to 1987 and 2000. Land use/cover change pattern from 1987 to 2000, its regional difference and forest change characteristics will also be analyzed; soil erosion intensity and arable land suitability were also evaluated. Results revealed that land use/cover pattern in this study area did not change greatly from 1987 to 2000. The structure and function of regional land ecosystem was at a level of local improvement and integral deterioration. Land above medium soil erosion intensity reached 21 percent, which was also the area with a serious soil erosion and land degradation problem. Soil erosion and land degradation intensity of grassland was the biggest. For the present arable land, the proportion of high suitability was 13 percent.     

NEWS

China vows to promote win-win cooperation Chinese President Hu Jintao said in Santiago on Nov.19 that China, as a large developing country with a strong sense of responsibility, is ready to contribute its share in advan cing win-win cooperation for sustainable development. Delivering a speech at the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation CEO Summit which opened in the Chilean capital Friday, the Chinese president said that a sound and rapidly growing Chinese economy serves the economic development of the region and that of the world at large. With an average annual growth rate of 9.4 percent in the past 20-odd years of reform and opening-up, China has succeeded in meeting the basic needs for food, clothing and shelter by its     

Effect of Earthworm（Pheretima sp.） Density on Revegetation of Lead/zinc Metal Mine Tailings Amended with Soil

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of earthworm density on the availability of nutrients and heavy metals in metal contaminated soils. Pb/Zn mine tailings were mixed throughly with a red yellow podzolic soil at the ratio （w/w） of 75：25. Earthworms （Pheretima sp.） were introduced to the mixture at four different densities, zero, three, six and nine individuals per pot planted with ryegrass （Loliun multiflorum）. The results indicated that earthworm activity significantly enhanced ryegrass shoot biomass. However, as denser earthworm population was introduced, shoot biomass tended to decrease. Earthworm activity significantly increased soil pH and availability of N, P and K in the tailings and soil mixture. There was a general tendency that uptake of Zn by ryegrass increased after earthworm inoculation, although the increase in extractable Zn in tailings and soil mixture was not significant. On the contrary, there seemed to be a lower uptake of Pb by ryegrass under earthworm inoclation, despite the fact that higher extractable Pb concentrations were observed. The present project indicated that the improved growth of ryegrass was due to improved nutrient availability and other soil conditions, by inoculation of earthworms at an appropriate rate. Further studies are needed to illustrate the relationship between metal availability and earthworm activity in the field.     

Energy and economic impacts of an international multi-regional carbon market

The establishment of a global multi-regional carbon market is considered to be a cost effective approach to facilitate global emission abatement and has been widely concerned.The ongoing planned linkage between the European Union’s carbon market and a new emission trading system in Australia in 2015 would be an important attempt to the practice of building up an international carbon market across different regions.To understand the abatement effect of such a global carbon market and to study its energy and economic impact on different market participants,this article adopts a global dynamic computable general equilibrium model with a detailed representation of the interactions between energy and economic systems.Our model includes 20 economic sectors and 19 regions,and describes in detail 17 energy technologies.Bundled with fossil fuel consumptions,the emission permits are considered to be essential inputs in each of the production and consumption activities in the economic system to simulate global carbon market policies.Carbon emission permits are endogenously set in the model,and can be traded between sectors and regions.Considering the current development of the global carbon market,this study takes 2020 as the study period.Four scenarios(reference scenario,independent carbon market scenario,Europe Union（EUh-Australia scenario,and China-EU-Australia scenario） are designed to evaluate the impact of the global carbon market involving China,the EU,and Australia.We find that the carbon price in the three countries varies a lot,from $32/tCO₂ in Australia,to $17.5/tCO₂ in the EU,and to $10/tCO₂ in China.Though the relative emission reduction（3%） in China is lower than that in the EU（9%） and Australia（18%）,the absolute emission reduction in China is far greater than that in the EU and Australia.When China is included in the carbon market,which already includes the EU and Australia,the prevailing global carbon price falls from $22 per ton carbon dioxide（CO₂） to $12/tCO₂,due to the relatively lower abatement cost in China.Seventy-one percent of the EU’s and eighty-one percent of Australia’s domestic reduction burden would be transferred to China,increasing 0.03%of the EU’s and 0.06%of Australia’s welfare.The emission constraint improves the energy efficiency of China’s industry sector by 1.4%,reduces coal consumption by3.3%,and increases clean energy by 3.5%.     

Impacts of Social and Demographic Factors on Residents＇ Subjective Well-being in Rural China

The objective of social development is to construct a harmonious society.In China,the key to a harmonious society is the happiness of more than 900 million farmers living in the rural areas.This study aimed to measure rural residents' subjective well-being(SWB) through the day reconstruction method,as well as to analyze SWB's influencing factors through a variety of statistical methods.The results showed that the average U index was 12.79%,indicating that respondents were unhappy 12.79% of the time.Twenty-seven percent of the population had a U index greater than 0,with the average value being 47%,indicating that these people were unhappy 47% of the time.The study also found that SWB varied according to the characteristics of the respondents.Logistic regression analysis showed that social and demographic factors,including age,education,county,household size,generation number,per capita income,migration status and social networking,which significantly affected rural residents' SWB.The size of the impact varied with the different factors.     

Establish the Long-effective Mechanism of Food Security in China

In despite of fluctuation in recent years, the grain yield in China has been increasing, which relieves the conflict between supply and demand and turns the situation of food security good. However, because of the rapid increase in food consumption, the conflicts of food quality and structure in the supply and demand equilibrium has become more and more obvious and the long-effective mechanism of food security has not been established yet. It is found that the factors affecting food security in China include the scarcity and dissipation of resources, farmers＇ low enthusiasm in planting grain crops and the inappropriateness of the emphasis and measures of macro-economic regulation and control. Therefore, the authors advance to optimize resources allocation, strengthen macro-economic regulation and control and policy stimulation and establish the mechanism of allocating grain production cost, to set up the long-effective mechanism of China food security and keep it stable in the long term.     

Coincidence and Upgrade： A Typical Case Study of Rural Ecotourism Development

At present, internal rural tourism is at the stage of upgrading and renewing, and ecotourism has been considered to be the main direction. This paper discussed the concepts and criteria of rural tourism and ecotourism, analyzed a typical case of Nongke Village of Chengdu City-being considered to be the first rural tourism site in China, went deep into the problems of the contents and criteria of the development of rural ecotourism, and tried to probe into the principles of the development of rural ecotourism both theoretically and practically so as to understand the rules of the development of rural ecotourism .     

快速城市化背景下的防洪减灾对策研究

城市化改变了洪涝灾害风险的孕灾环境、致灾因子和承灾体的脆弱性,相应地,洪涝灾害的风险也随之加大了。在这种大环境下,采取合理可行的防洪减灾对策来降低洪涝风险就变得非常重要了。笔者认为应采取工程措施和非工程措施相结合的防洪减灾对策,工程措施方面主要包括提高防洪堤的防洪标准、提高城市排水能力、提高城市广场和绿地的占地面积、铺设楼顶蓄水池和地下蓄水池,非工程措施方面主要包括做好防洪规划、加强防洪评价,进行洪涝灾害风险分析,加强洪水预报预警工作,普及城市居民的防灾意识。     

长江中游平原农业水灾风险管理的制度建设

规避农业洪涝巨灾风险是长江中游平原农业生产发展的必然选择。通过剖析我国农地制度和小规模农户经营的风险特征,认识到我国农地制度存在小规模经营缺陷和缺乏产权激励机制,农户在应对洪涝巨灾自然风险时表现为无能为力,并且现有农业分担风险的外部环境更使农户无法承受自然巨灾风险而被迫成为农业生产经营风险的回避者,因此应对农业洪涝巨灾风险必须在政府主导下实现。提出长江中游平原农业水灾风险管理制度建设安排建议：加强长江中上游地区生态环境建设、保持水土和恢复湿地生态系统;发展避洪农业,实现区域农业结构的优化;实施积极的财政政策,增加农业投入;完善农业保险制度安排,以农业政策性保险分担农业水灾风险,增强长江中游地区农户抵御自然灾害的能力。     

巢湖流域丰乐河洪水事件营养盐输出动态研究

洪水期是非点源污染输出的关键时期。通过对巢湖典型农业型流域丰乐河桃溪断面两次暴雨洪水过程（发生于2010年6月初的Event06和8月底的Event08）进行集中取样监测,结合该断面流量数据,分析了洪水过程中氮和磷营养盐不同指标（包括总氮、铵氮、硝态氮、总磷和可溶磷）浓度和瞬时负荷的动态变化规律。结果表明：Event06氮磷各指标浓度最小值、最大值及平均值均比Event08大,这与6月初农作物大量施肥,氮磷来源丰富有很大关系。丰乐河洪水事件氮输出的形式以可溶性无机氮（铵氮和硝态氮）为主,而磷则以颗粒态为主,但在涨水段的初、中期颗粒态氮和颗粒态磷所占比例比其它时段高。洪水过程中主要氮、磷指标浓度和瞬时负荷随流量增大而总体呈上升趋势(除了硝态氮),在流量峰值前达到最大值,然后呈总体下降趋势。总磷、总氮浓度与流量呈比较典型的顺时针圈形结构,表明暴雨洪水较强烈的冲刷输送作用。虽然进一步的负荷累积分析并没有显示显著的初期冲刷效应,但洪水期,特别是涨水段营养盐输出的重要性已较明显。丰乐河流域面积较大、地势较平坦,以农业活动为主,水体污染的非点源来源与农业活动有关,具体的洪水过程对营养盐的输出动态也有一定影响     

农业洪涝灾害脆弱性成因分析及评估——以湖南省衡阳市为例

自然灾害灾情是灾害系统的脆弱性和致灾因子的风险性共同作用的结果。在同一致灾强度下，灾情随脆弱性的增强而加重，降低灾害脆弱性可减轻灾害造成的直接经济损失，因此灾害脆弱性的研究对防灾抗灾具有重要的意义。衡阳市是湖南省重要的农业生产基地之一，也是洪涝灾害较重地区之一。灾害损失与衡阳市农业洪涝灾害脆弱性密切相关，这种脆弱性是自然因素和人为因素在一定的时空条件下耦合的产的。分析了汛期降水和暴雨、植被和土壤、水利设施、经济发展水平等因素在洪涝灾害脆弱性形成中的作用。依据长时间序列的气象资料和经济统计数据，运用数学模型和有关优化分析方法，对衡阳市农业洪涝灾害脆弱性进行定量评估，得出结论：西南部、东北部的洪涝灾害脆弱性高于西北部、东南部的脆弱性。这种规律性与该区洪涝灾害历史发生规律有一定的对应性，说明本研究对该区防洪抗涝决策有一定的借鉴作用。     

鄱阳湖圩区滞洪与水土资源利用协调

鄱阳湖区有圩堤564座,保护耕地近4200km^2、人口720多万。圩堤对保护湖区人民生命财产安全起到了积极的作用,但有些圩堤占据了湖泊的正常行洪通道,给湖区防洪带来了不利影响,对这些野区应当平圩还湖。还有些中小型野区没有占据湖泊的正常行洪通道,但在洪水期间经常遭受洪水淹没,对这类好区应根据实际情况实施“高水还湖滞洪,低水种植养殖”的运用方式,以缓解鄱阳湖区人多地少的矛盾。从洪水水力学基本理论出发,根据鄱阳湖洪水特征和好区实际情况,定量分析了因中小野区滞洪而降低湖水位的幅度、减少湖周边的淹没面积以及减轻湖区防洪压力,对鄱阳湖可滞洪中小野区“高水滞洪,低水种养”的运用方式进行了探讨,提出了鄱阳湖不同规模的可滞洪野区的滞洪启用水位和启用频率分别为：6．7km^2以下好区为21．65m与10％、6．7—33．3km^2为22．05m与6．67％。建议采用自湖下游至湖上游的野区滞洪启用次序,井对与滞洪需求相协调的好区水土资源利用方式进行了初步研究。     

长江,黄淮流域近期特大洪水预警和防洪形势

根据太阳黑子活动和长江，黄淮流域１８４０￣１９９４年历史和实测的洪水资料，推断在１９９７年及其前后，长江，黄淮流域很有可能出现一次特大的洪水。同时指出，目前长江、淮河、黄河的防洪形势不容乐观，必须及早采取对策，确保人民生命和财产的安全。     

长江流域可持续农业发展管理机制研究

文章首先阐述了建立可持续农业发展管理机制的必要性与原则 ,在分析长江流域可持续农业发展面临的问题及其原因的基础上 ,提出了长江流域可持续农业发展管理机制的具体内容     

江汉平原涝渍地农业生态环境恢复的对策与效益分析

由于长江流域日益严峻的外生态环境的压力，加上长期以来湖区不合理的围垦开发利用，使江汉平原涝渍地域的农业生态环境变得十分脆弱。主要表现为气候变率较大，分布不均，涝渍相随，旱涝并存，农业用水的水质劣化趋势加剧，涝渍地的土壤潜沼化仍在继续，土地生产力低下，涝渍地域相对贫困人口增加。要提高认识，更新观念，将水和涝渍地看成一种资源而非负担，从整个流域生态系统出发，用大农业的观点，走社会化自然顺应的生态环境恢复之路，要上防下截，蓄泄兼顾，控制围垦，退田还湖，通过工程，生物和农业措施使涝渍小生境得到改善；要加强理论研究和国际合作，使涝渍生态环境的治理恢复更加科学的可持续。不同类型的涝渍地农业生态环境的恢复实践表明，因地制宜地治理开发可以获取很好的生态经济效益。     

应用景观生态学原理构建城市河道生态护岸

首先分析了传统水工设计中护岸的弊端,然后从景观生态学角度介绍了岸坡生态系统的主要特征、生态护岸的多种功能和景观生态学内涵;介绍了国内外生态护岸的研究现状,提出了城市河道在生态护岸设计中应在保证稳定安全的前提下,坚持生态优先的原则,重视其景观性和亲水性;最后对生态护岸的材料与植物群落的选择进行了分析。旨在探讨河流生态治理的方法,为生态护岸的构建与河流、洪泛区的治理提供一定的思路和参考。     

汉江上游古洪水与现代洪水滞流沉积物地球化学特征对比分析

对汉江上游古洪水和现代洪水滞流沉积物(SWD)地球化学元素对比分析，并与上陆地壳UCC含量比较。结果表明：与现代洪水SWD对比，古洪水SWD处于脱钙去钠的初级阶段，而其他常量元素含量没有明显变化。两者的常量元素UCC标准曲线相近，表明洪水SWD物源都是汉江流域内地表松散碎屑物。古洪水SWD的化学风化指数(CIA)平均值为64，现代洪水SWD是60。古洪水SWD化学风化程度略大于现代洪水SWD。但是现代洪水SWD的重金属元素Zn、Co、Cr、V和Ba含量都明显高于古洪水SWD，其UCC标准曲线累积最明显，这些表明汉江上游受现代人类活动影响明显。这些成果有助于更好理解汉江上游环境变化与人类活动之间的关系，同时为汉江上游流域内洪水期间水土保持和生态环境保护等方面提供重要的科学依据