我国对外来物种互花米草的研究进展与展望

互花米草是1979年我国从美国引进的外来物种,自引进之后,互花米草在我国沿海分布广泛,对我国沿海环境产生了一定的影响,也引起了我国学者对互花米草进行了广泛系列的研究,得出了一系列有益的成果.我国学者对互花米草的研究从引种栽培、生物学特征、开发利用、环境影响等多方面进行了研究,对引进互花米草对生态环境影响的利弊进行了分析总结,对以后的研究重点方向进行了展望,这对我国更加科学合理地开发利用这一外来物种以及进一步明确以后的研究方向具有一定的指导意义.     

绿色消费搏击大市场

日前，一则关于广州蔬菜水果农药残留超标的新闻闹得满城风雨。起因是绿色和平组织披露了对广州三家连锁超市的蔬菜和水果抽样检验结果，发现有14%的样本农药残留超出国家标准。一右激起千层浪，相关职能部门纷纷发声自证清白，超市也挂出质量认证书表示无辜。接着，各方又一致怀疑绿色和平组织检验结果的公正性。更有媒体先扬后抑，很刻薄地称绿色和平此举是为哗众取宠。     

太阳能电池前景喜人

太阳能是人类取之不尽用之不竭的可再生能源,具有充分的清洁性、绝对的安全性、相对的广泛性、确实的长寿命和免维护性、资源的充足性及潜在的经济性等优点,在长期的能源战略中具有重要地位.我们对太阳能的利用大致可以分为光热转换和光电转换两种方式,其中,光电利用(光伏发电)是近些年来发展最快,也是最具经济潜力的能源开发领域,而太阳能电池是光伏发电系统中的关键部分.     

工业节能行业前景可观

《中国节能技术政策大纲》的机电工业节能部分把节能产品分为节煤、节电和节油三大类21小类，其中包括工业锅炉、工业炉窑、工业电炉、风机、电机变频装置等产品，这些节能设备为工业节能提供了设备保障。工业涉及门类众多，行业各异，节能空间巨大，我们仅选取几种重要的工业节能设备，解读工业节能设备行业的发展轨迹。     

后里约时代国际环境法的回顾和展望

国际环境法是一个新兴研究领域,它主要调整因环境问题而产生的国际法律关系。1992年在巴西里约热内卢召开的环境与发展大会被誉为国际环境法发展史的重要里程碑：它不仅催生各国起草和实施本国有关环境问题的立法,也促使国际环境条约如雨后春笋般大量出现。     

Effects of exotic fish farms on bird communities in lake and marine ecosystems

Salmon farming is a widespread activity around the world, also known to promote diverse environmental effects on aquatic ecosystems. However, information regarding the impact of salmon farming on bird assemblages is notably scarce. We hypothesize that salmon farming, by providing food subsidies and physical structures to birds, will change their local community structure. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a seasonal monitoring of bird richness, abundance, and composition at paired salmon pen and control plots in two marine and two lake sites in southern Chile, from fall 2002 to summer 2004. Overall, salmon farming had no significant effects on species richness, but bird abundance was significantly and noticeably higher in salmon pens than in controls. Such aggregation was mainly accounted for by the trophic guilds of omnivores, diving piscivores, carrion eaters, and perching piscivores, but not by invertebrate feeders, herbivores, and surface feeders. Species composition was also significantly and persistently different between salmon pens and controls within each lake or marine locality. The patterns described above remained consistent across environment types and seasons indicating that salmon farming is changing the community structure of birds in both lake and marine habitats by promoting functional and aggregation responses, particularly by favoring species with broader niches. Such local patterns may thus anticipate potential threats from the ongoing expansion of the salmon industry to neighboring areas in Chile, resulting in regional changes of bird communities, toward a less diverse one and dominated by opportunistic, common, and generalist species such as gulls, vultures, and cormorants.     

脱硫市场前景喜中带忧

今年上半年我国二氧化硫排放总量达1274．6万吨，同比增长4．2％。这一冷冰冰的数据刺激了公众的神经，也再一次激发了政府的脱硫决心。今年5月以来，国家环保总局代表国务院分别同六大发电集团、部分省政府签定了脱硫责任书。一些省与市级政府也相继签定了类似责任状，以确保二氧化硫减排目标的实现。     

光触媒技术的市场关注

光触媒是目前纳米产品中应用最成熟、最广泛的技术产品，有专家甚至把光触媒看作是纳米材料现阶段的代名词。日本将光触媒当作21世纪的战略产业，就好比在20世纪70年代将电动汽车当作汽车的战略产业一样，在世界能源紧张的今天，电动汽车将存在不可估量的前景。而光触媒的发展也将沿着电动汽车的发展趋势，成为21世纪最热门的产品。     

黄河三角洲外来入侵物种米草对滩涂底栖动物的影响

2005年5、8、10月份对黄河三角洲的无棣岔尖、东营市五号桩、小清河口米草分布区与对照区底栖动物作了调查,并与1980年同期历史调查资料相比较,结果表明:米草分布已导致调查区底栖动物群落组成和结构变化,经济贝类无分布,代之以小型螺类为优势种;但米草分布区底栖动物平均密度、生物量高于对照区,米草入侵排斥了大型底栖动物,降低了密度和生物量,而有利于小型螺类的分布.     

我国大气污染治理历程回顾与展望

大气污染防治工作是我国生态环境保护的重要组成部分,并随社会经济发展过程中出现的主要大气环境问题的演变而不断深化。几十年来,我国在大气污染控制和空气质量管理方面做了大量的工作并取得了显著成效。本文在系统回顾我国大气污染治理历程基础上,展望提出新时期推进我国大气污染治理创新思路。自20世纪70年代以来,我国大气污染治理随着社会经济发展和生态环境保护事业发展主要经历了消烟除尘构建大气环境容量理论(1972—1990年)、分区管控防治酸雨和二氧化硫污染(1991—2000年)、总量控制二氧化硫排放量见顶下降(2001—2010年)、攻坚克难打赢蓝天保卫战(2011—2020年)四个阶段。当前,在习近平生态文明思想指导下,在绿色发展、低碳发展、高质量发展推动下,在新旧动能转换带来产业结构、能源结构、交通运输结构进一步调整和优化的情况下,更先进的大气污染控制技术为大气污染减排提供了更强大的动力,生态环境治理体系和治理能力现代化建设为空气质量的持续改善提供了坚实保障。本文提出未来我国大气污染治理创新思路:生态优先、绿色发展,进一步调整产业结构,实现高质量发展;清洁高效,低碳少污,进一步调整能源结构,提升清洁能源、新能源和可再生能源供给能力;问题导向、目标引领,弄清大气污染来源成因,为科学治污提供坚实基础;清洁生产,全程控制,显著减少污染物的产生量和排放量;属地责任,联防联控,改善局地质量,降低区域间相互影响;智慧监控,数据归真,强化污染源监管。     

A risk assessment system for alien plant bio-invasion in Xiamen of China

Bio-invasion has caused serious ecosystem damage and enormous economic losses in China, and it has been the greatest factor to island bio-diversity reduction. Xiamen, as an important seaport with a relatively high conservation value, is particularly vulnerable to bio-invasion for its typical island ecosystem as well as frequent human-made disturbance. As a result of field surveys, literature review, and consultation with experts, a list of 67 alien plants identified as major invaders (12 species) and emerging invaders (55 species) in Xiamen has been compiled. Based on the analysis of the current situation of bio-invasion in Xiamen, a risk assessment system for alien plant invasion has been designed using a ranking system and an analytic hierarchy process. The system consists of 17 secondary indices, grouped into 6 primary indices reflecting the different stages in the bio-invasion process: introduction, establishment, dispersion, current range, infestation, and artificial control. Biogeographical, ecological, and experience-linked aspects of the species as well as artificial disturbance were taken into account in the index selection and criterion development. The system was then validated (and worked well) using fifty well-known alien plant species as candidates. Appropriate recommendations are proposed to help local policy-makers prioritize their decisions on such alien plants.     

我国潮滩环境的近期研究现状和展望

随着我国经济的迅速发展，对资源的重视程度开始加大。潮滩是我国相对研究较少的区域，近几年潮滩环境的研究主要集中在潮滩地貌定量化和模型化，新技术在潮滩沉积机制研究中的应用和潮滩环境的物质循环研究。本文在分析成果的基础上提出了我国当前潮滩环境研究应解决的问题和粗略的提出了解决对策。     

生活中的化学阴影

直到化学品污染的新闻不断袭来,不断刺激公众的视听。许多人才知道,原来他们用惯了许多年甚至一辈子的生活用品、吃了一辈子的食物竟隐藏那么多问题。许多为常人所不知的化学物质名称,也慢慢地进入了人们的认知范围。     

地球早期生命环境的演化

地质记录告诉我们，在地球约46亿年的整个历史中经历了无数次大大小小的劫难，其中在地球生命处于起源和早期演化阶段的前寒武纪，首先是“狂轰滥炸”，4.5亿-3.8亿年前由太阳系形成时留下的岩石林-小行星仍不断撞击着地球并烧焦了整个地球；后来的“雪球”，2.2亿-1.8亿年及大约6亿年前也许是大气中氧气的增加或/和二氧化碳或/和氨气或/和甲烷等温室气体的缩减，使我们的星球进入冰封期，显然，生命挺过了所有的磨难，并以柔克刚的脱颖而出。甚至与环境相互作用共同向高级阶段演化。在至少38亿年前，随着“狂轰滥炸”的停止，原始的生命也许已出现在地球上，到大约5.8亿年前，“雪球”刚结束，新元古代末期的埃迪卡拉大辐射和早寒武纪生命大爆发就接接踵而来，似乎早期地球生命大的进步性演化都是由大的劫难诱发的。     

人工湿地技术处理城市污水前景看好

城市污水处理在环保投资领域的地位日益突出。在国家环保总局拟订的“十一五”环保投资规划中，城市污水处理被列入8大重点工程项目。环保总局预计，“十一五”期间，包括污水处理在内的城市环境基础设施投资将高达6600亿元。其中，污水处理投资重点是解决三峡库区、淮河、太湖、海河、辽河、巢湖、滇池、丹江口库区及其上游、黄河、松花扛等流域城镇污水处理率过低的情况。据了解，这10大流域需新增城镇污水日处理规模2320万吨，建设投资为551亿元；已建成污水处王甲厂配套管网完善需投资65亿元，合计616亿元。如果将珠江流域及内陆诸河水污染治理工程考虑在内，还需新增城镇污水处理能力1000万吨／日，投资220亿元。     

尚食的古南越国

南越王墓出土的众多文物,展示了一个充分发展了的古南越国的文明生活。     

工业园区固体废物生命周期管理边界模型的构建

工业园区内企业众多,副产品和固体废物排放量犬,生产过程也复杂,采用生命周期对固体废物进行管理显得也复杂很多。该文从构建工业园区固体废物生命周期管理边界模型出发,并以电子信息产业园区为例,试着将固体废物与不同的企业或生产过程紧密耦合,构建可行的较稳定的生命周期管理边界模型。     

Identifying factors linked to the occurrence of alien gastropods in isolated woodland water bodies

Biological invasions are a significant component of human-caused global change and is widely regarded as one of the main threats to natural biodiversity. Isolated anthropogenic water bodies created in the areas that are deprived of natural freshwater habitats allow the survival and reproduction of alien species on newly settled sites. They are often small with water level fluctuations causing frequent environmental disturbances. The colonisation success may be the result of the rate of their degradation. The aims of the study were to determine the environmental conditions that affect the existence of alien species of gastropods in this type of aquatic environment and to examine whether the occurrence of non-native species affects the community structure of the native species. This study made it possible to group woodland ponds according to the occurrence of the three invasive species in snail communities and discuss the environmental conditions present in these pond types. Analysis of water properties emphasised the distinctiveness of the selected pond types. In ponds of the Potamopyrgus antipodarum type, we found the highest values of some parameters mainly hardness, conductivity, and content of calcium and chlorides, in contrast with the Physella acuta type, which were characterised by the lowest values except for phosphates and nitrites. In the Ferrissia fragilis type, we found the highest nitrate content. Data on the occurrence of alien species in different water environments play an important role in actions which are taken to prevent new invasions and spread of non-native species as well as to reduce future impacts of invaders.     

废水厌氧生物处理技术发展综述与研究进展

本文系统综述了污水厌氧生物处理技术发展沿革,指出了技术研究的关键与应用前景。     

废水厌氧生物处理技术与应用前景

本文系统综述了污水厌氧生物处理技术现状,对各技术的优缺点进行了比较,指出了应用前景。