阿特拉津降解菌SD41的分离鉴定及土壤修复

从山东省多年施用阿特拉津的农田土壤中分离到一株阿特拉津降解菌SD41,通过形态学、生理生化特征及16S rRNA序列分析初步鉴定为节杆菌属(Arthrobacter sp.)。该菌能以阿特拉津为唯一氮源生长,48 h内对1 000 mg/L的阿特拉津(pH 7.0)降解率为94.95%,在16~42℃、pH 7~10、0%~3%盐浓度条件下,对阿特拉津都有较高的降解率,外源性氮源对其降解无影响。该菌含有trzN和atzBC 3个阿特拉津降解基因。敏感作物盆栽试验证明,该菌株处理7 d能明显恢复小麦的各项生物量指标,具有很好的土壤修复能力,可为阿特拉津的生物修复提供良好的菌种资源。     

不同实验条件下阿特拉津的生物降解研究

采用了从农药厂阿特拉津生产车间排污口污泥中分离出的菌种AT菌,进行了不同的pH值(pH=5.0～10.0)、不同的温度4～20℃条件下污染质阿特拉津的降解实验。结果表明,AT菌在pH值为5.0～10.0时对农药污染质阿特拉津均具有降解能力,且适宜的pH值范围为6.5～8.0;在4～20℃的实验温度范围内,AT菌能够降解代谢污染质,并随温度的升高,降解能力增强。20℃时降解率为38.84%。模拟治理中,设计了细菌的投放方式以模拟野外条件下的菌种投加条件,难于生物降解的污染质阿特拉津的一次投菌降解率达到31.08%。     

抗坏血酸还原降解土壤中的阿特拉津

研究了抗坏血酸还原降解土壤中阿特拉津的效率、影响因素和途径。结果表明:抗坏血酸能有效降解土壤中阿特拉津。当抗坏血酸浓度为20 mmol/L,初始pH为7. 0,温度为20℃时,土壤中阿特拉津降解率达到85. 5%,降解速率为0. 117 d-1。氧气会增加抗坏血酸的消耗量,从而抑制土壤中阿特拉津的降解。在20～50℃内增加反应温度能促进土壤中阿特拉津的降解,抗坏血酸降解土壤中阿特拉津的表观活化能为22. 6 k J/mol。抗坏血酸在碱性条件下降解阿特拉津的效率显著高于中性和酸性。抗坏血酸降解阿特拉津的途径主要包括脱氯、脱烷基和羟基化反应。     

固相好氧反硝化同步去除水中硝酸盐和阿特拉津可行性研究

研究了利用固相好氧反硝化同步去除水中硝酸盐和阿特拉津的可行性。通过释碳性能的比较得出淀粉基颗粒是适宜的反硝化碳源,在间歇式实验中,初始硝态氮浓度为55~60 mg/L时,平均反硝化速率为7.03 mg/(L·h),能有效去除水中的硝酸盐。当水中阿特拉津浓度低于10 mg/L时,对好氧反硝化脱氮没有影响,浓度增加至20 mg/L,对反硝化有抑制作用。在好氧反硝化条件下,阿特拉津初始浓度分别为0.1,1 mg/L时,24 h后去除率分别为93%和94.8%,阿特拉津的去除主要通过吸附作用。     

胶团强化超滤处理水中阿特拉津的研究

采用胶团强化超滤去除水中阿特拉津。考察了表面活性剂SDBS、pH值、操作压力、操作时间以及温度对阿特拉津去除效果的影响。结果表明,胶团强化超滤法能有效去除水中阿特拉津,最佳工艺条件为:采用分子量为5000 Dalton的聚砜中空纤维膜、SDBS浓度为8.00 mmol/L、压力为0.15 MPa、pH值为10、温度为25℃。在此条件下,初始浓度为10 mg/L的阿特拉津去除率为84.7%。     

一株类节杆菌协同还原六价铬和降解阿特拉津的研究

六价铬(Cr(Ⅵ))和阿特拉津复合污染在环境中普遍存在,给生态安全和人类健康带来严重危害.为了实现对Cr(Ⅵ)和阿特拉津复合污染的协同修复,本研究在复合污染场地筛选出一株同时具有阿特拉津降解能力和Cr(Ⅵ)还原能力的类节杆菌Paenarthrobacter sp. AT.在单一污染条件下,菌株AT可以在24 h内将初始浓度为400 mg·L^-1的阿特拉津完全降解,将初始浓度为10 mg·L^-1的Cr(VI)完全还原;同时,菌株还具有很强的阿特拉津和Cr(Ⅵ)耐受性.菌株AT被鉴定含有trz N、atz B和atz C阿特拉津降解功能基因,将阿特拉津降解为无毒终产物氰尿酸,同时生成乙胺和异丙胺两种代谢副产物,其中,乙胺在溶液中持续积累,而异丙胺则短暂积累再被降解.在复合污染条件下,菌株AT对初始浓度为200 mg·L^-1阿特拉津的降解率为100%,对初始浓度为10 mg·L^-1的Cr(Ⅵ)的还原率为44%.本研究证实了微生物可以利用有机污染物作为氮源实现对重金属的转化,为开发绿色低碳微生物修复技术提供...     

地下水除草剂阿特拉津污染微生物治理的实验研究

采用了从农药厂阿特拉津生产车间排污口污泥中分离出的菌种AT菌,进行了农药阿特拉津的静态降解实验及其污染地下水的微生物治理模拟实验研究结果表明,AT菌在pH值为5.0～10.0时对农药污染质阿特拉津均具有降解能力,且适宜的pH值范围为6.5～8.0;在实验条件(t=10℃,pH=7.5)与野外含水层的条件基本一致情况下,难于生物降解的污染质阿特拉津的一次投菌降解率达到31.08%;同时环境因素也随着AT菌作用的变化而变化,其中,DO、pH随AT菌作用加强而其值减小.另外,设计了细菌的投放方式以模拟野外条件下的菌种投加条件.并且AT菌的作用会造成被治理含水层的渗透性能降低,实验后含水层的渗透系数下降60.54%.清水冲洗10d的渗透性恢复率为48.96%,说明清水渗透恢复的方法效果明显.     

活性翠蓝生物降解性能的试验研究

通过试验比较了厌氧、好氧条件下活性污泥对活性翠蓝的生物降解机理、降解能力及受葡萄糖浓度影响的情况.结果表明厌氧菌不能单独降解活性翠蓝,只能通过共代谢作用降解活性翠蓝;而好氧菌既可以单独降解活性翠蓝(以活性翠蓝为唯一碳源时,20mg/L活性翠蓝的24h好氧降解率为37.4%),也可以通过共代谢作用降解活性翠蓝.葡萄糖浓度的升高对提高活性翠蓝的厌氧、好氧生物降解率均有利,当葡萄糖浓度为1200mg/L时,20mg/L活性翠蓝的24h厌氧、好氧降解率分别达到81.5%、73.6%.活性翠蓝浓度对厌氧菌、好氧菌的生物降解能力也有影响.当葡萄糖浓度分别为800mg/L、1200mg/L,活性翠蓝(浓度为20～100mg/L)的厌氧降解率比好氧降解率高4.9%～27.2%,说明厌氧菌对活性翠蓝的降解能力比好氧菌更强.     

生物炭促进Shewanella sp.JN01厌氧降解水体系中阿特拉津的效能与机制

阿特拉津是一种三嗪类除草剂,具有内分泌干扰效应,其在厌氧环境中的半衰期较好氧环境更长,会对生态环境和人体健康构成威胁.为此,本研究筛选出厌氧条件下普遍存在的硫酸盐还原菌菌株希瓦氏菌（Shewanella sp. JN01）,在明确该菌株的最适生长条件和阿特拉津浓度的基础上,开展了不同温度（250、400和600℃）所制备的生物炭对Shewanella sp. JN01厌氧降解水体系中阿特拉津影响的研究.结果显示,生物炭、Shewanella sp. JN01及两者联合对阿特拉津的最大去除率分别为41.64%、70.52%和88.25%.当菌株/生物炭为2∶1（体积比）时,由玉米芯为原材料在250℃下制备的生物炭因具有较多的脂肪碳而更有效地促进了菌株的生长.通过qPCR检测Shewanella sp. JN01中的阿特拉津降解基因发现其含有atz A基因,但生物炭对atz A基因的表达水平无显著影响.因此,生物炭主要通过促进Shewanella sp. JN01的生长而实现对阿特拉津的有效降解.本研究结果可为利用微生物强化去除厌氧体系中的阿特拉津提供理论依据和数据支撑.     

利用白腐菌处理含硝基苯类化工废水的研究

采用正交实验法,通过生化反应动力学分析,利用白腐菌对硝基苯类化工废水进行了好氧生化降解实验研究.在常温(25 ℃),pH值为7,进水COD_Cr为2 000 mg/L,硝基苯类进水质量浓度为100 mg/L,停留时间为60 h的条件下,COD_Cr降解率达到99%.对白腐菌降解硝基苯类废水的动力学分析,结果证明了其生化反应为一级动力学反应.      

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.