Effect of nitrogenous air pollutants on changes in protein spectra with the onset of winter in the leaves and shoots of the bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.)

Electrophoretic profiles of 0.1 m Tris-HCl (pH 9.0)-soluble proteins in the leaves and stems of the bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) were investigated in the latter part of the growing season (July-October), in a highly-polluted industrial area with serious forest damage (main emissions NO(2), SO(2), NH(3), urea and fertilizer dust) in Oulu, northern Finland, and in an unpolluted control forest with the same climatic and edaphic conditions. About ten protein components in the leaves and seven in the stems increased in concentration in SDS-PAGE towards the autumn, while one to four other components decreased in concentration. The pollutants in the industrial area caused a considerable decrease in the concentrations of soluble proteins, particularly in the leaves in August and September. A decrease was obtained in six components in the leaves and three components in the stems, while increases were observed in one component in the leaves (10 kDa) and four components in the stems (10, 43, 50 and 65 kDa). One reason for the lowered cold-resistance in the bilberry caused by air pollutants could thus be the lowered concentrations of certain soluble cytoplasmic proteins that protect the plant against winter conditions.     

Chronic effects of mercuric chloride on the activities of some enzymes in certain tissues of the fresh water murrel,

Alterations in the activities of some enzymes in the brain, gills, intestine, kidney, liver and muscles have been examined in the fresh water murrel, , after exposure to a sublethal concentration of mercuric chloride (3 μg/1) for 15, 30 and 60 days. The results revealed that after 15 days of exposure amino acid oxidase activity was elevated in brain and liver and inhibited in intestine. The activity of xanthine oxidase was increased in gills, and inhibited in kidney. Thirty days exposure produced significant inhibition in the activities of malate dehydrogenase in liver, glutamate dehydrogenase in gills and brain, aminoacid oxidase in gills, and xanthine oxidase in liver and intestine. In contrast, glutamate dehydrogenase in intestine, kidney and liver and aminoacid oxidase in brain and liver were elevated. After 60 days of treatment, a decrease in the activity of glucose-6-phosphatase was recorded in gills, intestine, kidney and liver. Hexokinase activity in kidney and liver, and malate dehydrogenase in all the six tissues were inhibited. Glutamate dehydrogenase activity in intestine, kidney and liver remained higher than in control fish. In brain, kidney and liver the activity of aminoacid oxidase was elevated, but in gills the enzyme activity decreased. Xanthine oxidase activity was inhibited in intestine and liver.     

Chronic effects of mercuric chloride on the activities of some enzymes in certain tissues of the fresh water murrel, Channapunctatus

Alterations in the activities of some enzymes in the brain, gills, intestine, kidney, liver and muscles have been examined in the fresh water murrel, $\text{Channa}$$\text{punctatus}$, after exposure to a sublethal concentration of mercuric chloride (3 μg/1) for 15, 30 and 60 days. The results revealed that after 15 days of exposure amino acid oxidase activity was elevated in brain and liver and inhibited in intestine. The activity of xanthine oxidase was increased in gills, and inhibited in kidney. Thirty days exposure produced significant inhibition in the activities of malate dehydrogenase in liver, glutamate dehydrogenase in gills and brain, aminoacid oxidase in gills, and xanthine oxidase in liver and intestine. In contrast, glutamate dehydrogenase in intestine, kidney and liver and aminoacid oxidase in brain and liver were elevated. After 60 days of treatment, a decrease in the activity of glucose-6-phosphatase was recorded in gills, intestine, kidney and liver. Hexokinase activity in kidney and liver, and malate dehydrogenase in all the six tissues were inhibited. Glutamate dehydrogenase activity in intestine, kidney and liver remained higher than in control fish. In brain, kidney and liver the activity of aminoacid oxidase was elevated, but in gills the enzyme activity decreased. Xanthine oxidase activity was inhibited in intestine and liver.     

Persistent organic pollutants in atmospheric deposition and biomonitoring with Tillandsia usneoides (L.) in an industrialized area in Rio de Janeiro state, southeast Brazil--Part II: PCB and PAH

Monitoring of immission of persistent organic pollutants in the industrialized area of Volta Redonda (V.R.) and in the National Park of Itatiaia (PNI) in southeast Brazil was performed using an endemic bromeliad species as biomonitor and measuring bulk deposition rates of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). For the sum of PCB, overall deposition rates were between 17 and 314 ng/(m2 day) in winter and between 43 and 81 ng/(m2 day) in summer, respectively. Deposition rates of dioxin-like PCBs ranged from 0.14 to 2.8 pg WHO-TEQ/(m2 day) in winter and from 0.90 to 4.3 pg WHO-TEQ/(m2 day) in summer. PCB deposition rates (total PCB and WHO-TEQ) were in the same range in winter in V.R. and PNI. In summer, contamination levels in V.R. were 6-10-folds higher than in PNI. PCB concentrations in biomonitor samples from V.R. and PNI were in the same range in summer and in winter. Concentrations of total PCB ranged from 14 to 95 microg/kg dry matter (d.m.) in winter and from 18 to 27 microg/kg d.m. in summer, respectively. The TEQ values were between 1.7 and 4.1 ng WHO-TEQ/kg d.m. in winter and between 1.9 and 2.9 ng WHO-TEQ/kg d.m. in summer. PCB concentrations of di-ortho PCB but not of non-ortho PCB were a factor of 2-4 lower in summer in both areas. PCB congener profiles resembled those from technical formulations. The profiles shifted to the higher chlorinated congeners in summer, probable due to revolatilisation of the lighter components at higher temperatures. PCB profiles in biomonitor resembled those from deposition samples and the shift to the heavier congeners in summer was even more pronounced. PAH deposition rates were in a similar range in both areas (131-2415 ng/(m2 day)). PAH levels in biomonitor samples from V.R. were about one order of magnitude higher than in samples from PNI indicating the impact of local sources. PAH profiles revealed stationary thermal processes as main source of contamination in V.R. whereas in PNI, biomass burning seems to be the main contamination source.     

Assessing the effect of climate oscillations and land-use changes on streamflow in the central Spanish Pyrenees

Plans to increase the amount of irrigated land in Mediterranean countries should consider how changes in climate and land-use affect water resources. In this study, both precipitation and temperature were used to analyze regional trends in discharge in the basins of the Central Spanish Pyrenees since the mid-20th century. Annual variations in the relationship between precipitation and discharge suggested that discharge was relatively lower in the second half of the study period, coinciding with major changes in land use. On a monthly scale, precipitation increased significantly in October, April, and July, and decreased in March, and temperature increased in January and February and decreased in April. Nevertheless, discharge has decreased significantly in most months in the past 50 years. Land-use and plant-cover changes are the only nonclimatic factor that can explain the loss of around 30% of the average annual discharge.     

Comparison of particulate mass, chemical species for urban, suburban and rural areas in central Taiwan, Taichung

Aerosol samples for PM2.5, PM(2.5-10) and TSP were collected from June to September 1998 and from February to March 1999 in central Taiwan. Ion chromatography was used to analyze the acidic anions: sulfate, nitrate and chloride in the Universal samples. The ratios of fine particle concentrations to coarse particle concentrations displayed that the fine particle concentrations are almost greater than that of coarse particle concentrations in Taichung area. The average concentrations of PM2.5, PM(2.5-10) and TSP in urban sites are higher than in suburban and rural sites at both daytime and night-time. Chloride dominated in the coarse mode in daytime and in fine mode in night-time. Nitrate can be found in both the coarse and fine modes. Sulfate dominated in fine mode in both daytime and night-time.     

Warming and drought change trace element bioaccumulation patterns in a Mediterranean shrubland

A field experiment consisting of drought and warming manipulation was conducted in a Mediterranean shrubland dominated by the shrubs Erica multiflora and Globularia alypum. The aim was to investigate the effects of the climatic changes predicted by IPCC models for the coming decades on trace element concentration and accumulation in aboveground biomass, plant litter, and soil. Warming increased concentrations and aboveground accumulation of some trace elements related to plant root uptake, such as Al, As, Cr, Cu, and partially Pb. This effect was more general in E. multiflora than in G. alypum. The stronger effects were increases in Al leaf concentrations (42%) and aboveground accumulation (500gha(-1)) in E. multiflora, in As stem biomass accumulation (0.2gha(-1)) in E. multiflora, and in Cr leaf concentrations (51%) in G. alypum and stem aboveground accumulation in E. multiflora (1.1gha(-1)). These species-specific increases were related to greater retranslocation, photosynthetic capacity and growth in E. multiflora than in G. alypum. Warming decreased the concentrations of some trace elements in leaf litter, implying the existence of an increased leaf retranslocation. Drought increased As (40%) and Cd (55%) in E. multiflora stems, whereas it decreased Cu (50%) in leaves, Ni (28%) in stems and Pb (32%) in leaf litter of G. alypum. The increasing concentrations of some trace elements in E. multiflora and not in G. alypum were related to a greater growth reduction in E. multiflora than in G. alypum. Warming increased As soil solubility (67%) and decreased total soil As (21%). Those changes were related to a greater Fe mobilization in warming plot and to a greater plant capture. Drought increased Hg (350%) concentrations in soils but had no significant effects on trace element accumulation in aboveground biomass. The different response to warming and drought in the two dominant species implies uneven changes in the quality of the plant tissues that may have implications for herbivores. This may be specially important for the performance of the studied Mediterranean ecosystems under the warmer and drier conditions predicted by the next decades by the GCM and ecophysiological models.     

Dietary mercury exposure and bioaccumulation in amphibian larvae inhabiting Carolina bay wetlands

Inorganic mercury and methylmercury concentrations were measured both in guts and remaining carcasses of southern leopard frog (Rana sphenocephala) larvae from 10 Carolina bay wetlands in South Carolina, USA. Significant variation among bays in methylmercury and inorganic mercury concentrations existed both in guts and carcasses. There was a moderate negative correlation between dissolved organic carbon concentration in bays and mean inorganic mercury concentrations in guts. There was also a weak positive correlation between pH in bays and mean methylmercury concentrations in carcasses. The ratio of methylmercury to inorganic mercury decreased with increasing total mercury concentration in guts and in larvae, but the rate of decrease was highly variable among bays. Ratios of concentrations in carcasses to concentrations in guts were inversely related to gut concentration. Mercury concentrations in carcasses in some bays were within the range of concentrations at which adverse effects have been observed in laboratory studies of R. sphenocephala.     

Perfluorooctanesulfonate and perfluorooctanoate in raw and treated tap water from Osaka, Japan

Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) have been recognized as emerging environmental pollutants because of their ubiquitous occurrence in the environment, biota, and humans. PFOS and PFOA have been detected in water in Japan. Nevertheless, occurrence of PFOS and PFOA in potable water from municipal water treatment plants is not clearly known. We analyzed PFOS and PFOA in raw and tap water samples collected from 14 drinking water treatment plants in winter and summer seasons in Osaka to determine the concentrations of PFOS and PFOA in raw and potable tap water samples. PFOS and PFOA were detected in all raw water samples. Concentration ranges of PFOS and PFOA in raw water were 0.26-22 ng/l and 5.2-92 ng/l, respectively. Whereas the concentrations PFOS in raw water from Osaka were similar to those in other areas in Japan, the concentrations of PFOA were higher than in other areas. Concentration ranges of PFOS and PFOA in potable tap water were 0.16-22 ng/l and 2.3-84 ng/l, respectively. There were positive correlations between PFC concentrations in raw water and tap water samples. Therefore, the removal efficiency of PFCs by the present water treatment may be low. Based on the current action value reported by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, PFOA concentrations found in tap water in Osaka is not expected to pose health risks.     

Comparison of trace element accumulation in Baikal seals (Pusa sibirica), Caspian seals (Pusa caspica) and northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus)

Concentrations of 18 trace elements (V, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Zr, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, Cs, Hg, Tl and Pb) were determined in liver, kidney, muscle and hair of Baikal seals, Caspian seals and northern fur seals. All the three species showed the highest concentrations of Hg, V, Mn, Se and Ag in liver, Cd, Co and Tl in kidney, and Cs in muscle among the soft tissues examined. The highest burdens of Zn, Rb and Cs were observed in muscle, Mo and Ag in liver, and Sb and Pb in hair in all the three species. Concentrations of non-essential elements, Rb, Cd, Cs and Hg, showed significant positive correlations among liver, kidney and muscle, whereas correlation coefficients for essential elements, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn and Se, between the three tissues were generally low for all the species, suggesting that homeostasis controls the concentrations of essential elements but not the non-essential elements in the tissues of these animals. Significant age-dependent increase was found in the concentrations of V, Se and Ag in liver and Hg in liver and kidney of all the three species. Hair concentrations showed significant positive correlations with Zn levels in liver and kidney and Hg in muscle for Caspian seals, Hg in liver and kidney for Baikal seals, and Pb in liver for northern fur seals. Furthermore, regression analysis using the data in the present study and in the literature showed significant positive correlations between Hg levels in hair, and liver, kidney and muscle for various species of pinnipeds. These results indicate the possibility of using hair samples for monitoring these trace elements in pinnipeds.     

An integrated assessment of estrogenic contamination and biological effects in the aquatic environment of The Netherlands

An extensive study was carried out in the Netherlands on the occurrence of a number of estrogenic compounds in surface water, sediment, biota, wastewater, rainwater and on the associated effects in fish. Compounds investigated included natural and synthetic hormones, phthalates, alkylphenol(ethoxylate)s and bisphenol-A. The results showed that almost all selected (xeno-)estrogens were present at low concentrations in the aquatic environment. Locally, they were found at higher levels. Hormones and nonylphenol(ethoxylate)s were present in concentrations that are reportedly high enough to cause estrogenic effects in fish. Field surveys did not disclose significant estrogenic effects in male flounder (Platichthys flesus) in the open sea and in Dutch estuaries. Minor to moderate estrogenic effects were observed in bream (Abramis brama) in major inland surface waters such as lowland rivers and a harbor area. The prevalence of feminizing effects in male fish is largest in small regional surface waters that are strongly influenced by sources of potential hormone-disrupting compounds. High concentrations of plasma vitellogenin and an increased prevalence of ovotestes occurred in wild male bream in a small river receiving a considerable load of effluent from a large sewage treatment plant. After employing in vitro and in vivo bioassays, both in situ and in the laboratory, we conclude that in this case hormones (especially 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol) and possibly also nonylphenol(ethoxylate)s are primarily responsible for these effects.     

HCHs and DDTs in salt marsh plants (Scirpus) from the Yangtze estuary and nearby coastal areas, China

HCHs and DDTs in salt marsh plants taken from intertidal flats in the Yangtze estuary and coastal area in April and July 2002 were determined by GC-ECD. A significant seasonal effect was observed for HCHs and DDTs in sources and concentration levels in different sample types including above-ground tissues and roots as well as the whole plants and rhizospheric sediments. The results indicated that the concentration of t-HCH was higher in the above-ground tissues than in their roots in April; however, the partitioning of DDTs between contaminated sediments and the roots showed the higher concentrations of t-DDT in their roots. HCHs and DDTs concentration levels were higher in above-ground tissues than in roots in July. BCFs of HCHs and DDTs exhibited lower values with higher levels of contaminants in sediments, and higher values with lower levels in sediments.     

Atmospheric Sulfates from Biological Sources

Bacteriogenic production of H₂S occurs in fine-grained anoxic muds, is promoted by organic and nutrient pollution of water, peaks in the warm months of the year, and is the source of most of the estimated 100 to 200 million tons of biogenic sulfur annually contributed to the global atmosphere. We tested the hypothesis that biogenic sulfur contributes to the atmospheric load of sulfate in urban and nonurban sites by statistical analyses of the 24 hour sulfate levels measured in 4 coastal and 3 Inland nonurban sites where pollutant sulfur dioxide emissions are absent or negligible, and in 8 coastal and 10 inland urban sites, all located in New England or Middle Atlantic states.

Comparisons of annual and seasonal mean sulfate levels show that in nonurban groups summertime sulfate levels significantly exceed wintertime levels, and in summer, sulfate levels in urban sites are nearly the same as in nonurban sites. Comparisons of group sulfate means in 4 New York cities near extended bodies of polluted water with those in 10 inland upstate New York cities show significantly higher levels in the cities near polluted water in spring, summer, and fall and for the year as a whole, but not in winter, when the levels were similar. When the nonurban and urban sites are grouped for proximity to coasts (where bacterial sulfate reduction is active in sediments) paired groups of coastal and inland urban and nonurban sites show no significant differences in sulfate levels in summer and fall.

Studies of the summertime sulfate means in New York state show no evidence of an elevated anthropogenic background which could explain the high summertime sulfate level observed in one nonurban site in that state, while analyses of the day to day fluctuations in urban and nonurban sites support the conclusion that nonurban sites have large local (biogenic) sulfate sources in summer and fall, and that local sulfate sources also exist in spring and may exist in winter.

We conclude that biogenic sulfate sources contribute most of the sulfate observed in the cities studied during summer and fall, and in some cities also contribute in other seasons. These biogenic contributions vary with local conditions and are estimated to contribute up to 6 µg/m³ (50%) or more to the annual geometric mean sulfate levels observed in some cities located near extensive bodies of polluted water.     

The induction of metallothionein in tissues of the Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus following exposure to cadmium, copper and zinc: the relationships between metallothionein and the metals

Nephrops norvegicus were exposed simultaneously to cadmium, copper and zinc over an 18-day period. Exposure concentrations were control, 1, 5 and 25 microg litre(-1) for cadmium and copper and 8, 40 and 200 microg litre(-1) for zinc. Concentrations of cadmium, copper, zinc and metallothionein were measured in homogenates of both the gill and the hepatopancreas. Quantification of metallothionein was carried out by differential pulse polarography. Cadmium concentrations increased significantly in the gill and hepatopancreas of both male and female animals in response to increases in exposure concentration. In contrast, the concentration of copper and zinc increased significantly in the gills of males, but not in females. In the hepatopancreas, neither copper nor zinc resulted in significant changes in concentrations of these metals. Metallothionein concentrations in the gill and hepatopancreas were increased significantly in relation to metal exposure in both males and females. Concentrations of cadmium and metallothionein in both the gill and hepatopancreas of males and females were positively correlated. Copper in the hepatopancreas also showed positive relationships with MT concentrations in males, but not in females. This study suggested that cadmium MTs in the gill and hepatopancreas of Nephrops norvegicus could be used as a sensitive tool to detect cadmium contamination in the lobsters, although this was not true for copper and zinc.     

The effects of exogenous plant growth regulators in the phytoextraction of heavy metals

The term "assisted phytoextraction" usually refers to the process of applying a chemical additive to contaminated soil in order to increase the metal uptake by crop plants. In this study three commercially available plant growth regulators (PGRs) based on cytokinins (CKs) were used to boost the assisted phytoextraction of Pb and Zn in contaminated soil collected from a former manufactured gas-plant site. The effects of EDTA treatment in soil and PGR treatment in leaves of Helianthus annuus were investigated in terms of dry weight biomass, Pb and Zn accumulation in the upper parts of the plants, Pb and Zn phytoextraction efficiency and transpiration rate. Metal solubility in soil and its subsequent accumulation in shoots were markedly enhanced by EDTA. The combined effects of EDTA and cytokine resulted in an increase in the Pb and Zn phytoextraction efficiency (up to 890% and 330%, respectively, compared to untreated plants) and up to a 50% increase in foliar transpiration. Our results indicate that exogenous PGRs based on CKs can positively assist the phytoextraction increasing the biomass production, the metal accumulation in shoots and the plant transpiration. The observed increase in biomass could be related to its action in stimulation of cell division and shoot initiation. On the other hand, the increase in metal accumulation in upper parts of plant could be related to both the role of PGRs in the enhancement of plant resistance to stress (as toxic metals) and the increase in transpiration rate, i.e. flux of water-soluble soil components and contaminants by the regulation of stomatal opening.     

Historical and geographical aspects of the increasing perfluorooctanoate and perfluorooctane sulfonate contamination in human serum in Japan

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) have recently received attention due to their widespread contamination in the environment, as well as in wildlife and humans. We measured the PFOS and PFOA concentrations in historically recorded human serum samples at an age range between 20 and 59 years collected in Kyoto, 20 persons per each time point (n=100), and also the PFOS and PFOA concentrations in human serum samples at an age range between 20 and 59 years from 10 locations throughout Japan (n=200). The historical samples collected from 1983 to 1999 demonstrated that the PFOA concentrations in males and females from Kyoto have increased 4.4-fold and 4.3-fold at a rate of increase of 0.49 ng/ml/year and 0.42 ng/ml/year, respectively. In contrast, serum concentrations of PFOS reached a plateau in the late 1980s. There are also regional differences in both the PFOS and PFOA serum concentrations. The concentrations in serum [geometric mean (geometric standard deviation)] (ng/ml) in 2003-2004 ranged from 7.6(1.6) in the town of Matsuoka in Fukui prefecture to 27.8(1.6) in Kyoto city, and ranged from 2.3(1.5) in Matsuoka to 14.5(1.3) in Osaka city for PFOS and PFOA, respectively.     

Spatial and temporal variations of mercury levels in Okefenokee invertebrates: southeast Georgia

Accumulation of mercury in wetland ecosystems has raised concerns about impacts on wetland food webs. This study measured concentrations of mercury in invertebrates of the Okefenokee Swamp in Georgia, focusing on levels in amphipods, odonates, and crayfish. We collected and analyzed total mercury levels in these invertebrates from 32 sampling stations across commonly occurring sub-habitats. Sampling was conducted in December, May, and August over a two-year period. The highest levels of mercury were detected in amphipods, with total mercury levels often in excess of 20 ppm. Bioaccumulation pathways of mercury in invertebrates of the Okefenokee are probably complex; despite being larger and higher in the food chain, levels in odonates and crayfish were much lower than in amphipods. Mercury levels in invertebrates varied temporally with the highest levels detected in May. There was a lack of spatial variation in mercury levels which is consistent with aerial deposition of mercury.     

Trends in snowpack chemistry and comparison to National Atmospheric Deposition Program results for the Rocky Mountains, US, 1993–2004

Seasonal snowpack chemistry data from the Rocky Mountain region of the US was examined to identify long-term trends in concentration and chemical deposition in snow and in snow-water equivalent. For the period 1993–2004, comparisons of trends were made between 54 Rocky Mountain Snowpack sites and 16 National Atmospheric Deposition Program wetfall sites located nearby in the region. The region was divided into three subregions: Northern, Central, and Southern. A non-parametric correlation method known as the Regional Kendall Test was used. This technique collectively computed the slope, direction, and probability of trend for several sites at once in each of the Northern, Central, and Southern Rockies subregions. Seasonal Kendall tests were used to evaluate trends at individual sites.Significant trends occurred during the period in wetfall and snowpack concentrations and deposition, and in precipitation. For the comparison, trends in concentrations of ammonium, nitrate, and sulfate for the two networks were in fair agreement. In several cases, increases in ammonium and nitrate concentrations, and decreases in sulfate concentrations for both wetfall and snowpack were consistent in the three subregions. However, deposition patterns between wetfall and snowpack more often were opposite, particularly for ammonium and nitrate. Decreases in ammonium and nitrate deposition in wetfall in the central and southern rockies subregions mostly were moderately significant (p<0.11) in constrast to highly significant increases in snowpack (p<0.02). These opposite trends likely are explained by different rates of declining precipitation during the recent drought (1999–2004) and increasing concentration. Furthermore, dry deposition was an important factor in total deposition of nitrogen in the region. Sulfate deposition decreased with moderate to high significance in all three subregions in both wetfall and snowpack. Precipitation trends consistently were downward and significant for wetfall, snowpack, and snow-telemetry data for the central and southern rockies subregions (p<0.03), while no trends were noted for the Northern Rockies subregion.     

Recent changes in levels of persistent organochlorines and mercury in eggs of seabirds from the Barents Sea

Eggs of ten seabird species were collected from six regions in North Norway, Svalbard and NW Russia in 1993, and were analyzed for organochlorines (OCs) and mercury. Significant declines in levels of PCBs, p,p'-DDE, HCB, beta-HCH, gamma-HCH and oxychlordane were documented in nearly half the data set since a similar study in 1983 in six of the seabird species breeding in North Norway. Only four of the 90 paired data sets increased significantly, and the remainder remained unchanged. There was very little change in mercury levels. The decline in OCs corresponds to similar declines found in Canada and the Baltic Sea, and to declines documented in marine fish in a Norwegian fjord. They can all be attributed to the reduction in use and spread of contaminants, both in Norway and internationally. No consistent regional differences in residue levels were found.     

Specific accumulation of 20 trace elements in great cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) from Japan

This study is to elucidate the specific accumulation of 20 trace elements in tissues/organs of great cormorants from two different colonies (Lake Biwa and Mie) in Japan. In the body distribution of trace elements, some elements revealed tissue-specific accumulation such as most of the burden of Mo, Ag and Cd in liver, Tl and Cd in kidney, Cu, Rb and Cs in muscle, and V, Sr and Ba in bone. Gender-related variation was not observed in both populations for most of the trace elements, except for higher hepatic Sr in males from Lake Biwa. Hepatic V, muscular Hg and Tl, and Cd in liver, kidney and muscle increased with growth. Comparison of trace element levels in tissues between the two colonies showed that Cr, Rb, Sr, Cd, Cs, Ba and Tl levels were higher in Lake Biwa than in Mie, whereas Zn, Co and Hg in Mie samples were greater than Lake Biwa. Variations of elemental levels in stomach contents also showed similar patterns, thus, showing that dietary sources tended to be the main factor for these regional variations. Toxic Hg and Cd concentrations in the liver of cormorants from the two colonies were lower than those from other areas, implying relatively low exposure to these metals in the present study sites. Concentrations of V, Co, Ag, Cd, Cs, Hg, Tl, Pb and Bi in liver remained more or less at the same level between 1993 and 2003, while hepatic Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr and Ba showed apparent decrease, which might be related to the biological factors.