Synthesis of polychlorinated biphenyls and their metabolites with a modified Suzuki-coupling

A modified procedure for the synthesis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) utilizing the Suzuki-coupling, a palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction, is described. The coupling of (chlorinated) benzene boronic acids with bromochlorobenzenes, using Pd(dppf)(2)Cl(2) (dppf = 1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene) as the catalyst and aqueous sodium carbonate as the base, gave the desired PCB congeners in moderate to good yields. Eleven PCB congeners, including environmentally important PCB congeners and metabolites, were synthesized using this modified procedure. This new catalyst Pd(dppf)(2)Cl(2) offers the advantage of being less air-sensitive and has a longer shelf life compared to Pd(PPh(4))(4). Three new (di-)methoxylated PCB congeners were synthesized using the same procedure by either coupling a chlorinated benzene boronic acid with a bromo (di-)methoxybenzene or by coupling a (di-)methoxy benzene boronic acid with a chlorinated bromobenzene. The dimethoxylated PCB congeners were readily converted into the respective dihydroxylated PCB derivatives using boron tribromide in dichloromethane. This approach offers the advantage of high selectivity and moderate to good yields compared to conventional methods such as the Cadogan reaction and allows the use of less toxic starting materials.     

Determination of toxic cyclic heptapeptides by liquid chromatography with detection using ultra-violet, protein phosphatase assay and tandem mass spectrometry

Microcystins, toxic cyclic heptapeptides and nodularin-R, a toxic cyclic pentapeptide, were determined using liquid chromatography (LC) with detection using photo-diode array ultra-violet (PDA-UV) and protein phosphatase (PP) assay. Positive fractions were analysed for toxins using collision-induced dissociation (CID) and tandem MS/MS experiments which were carried out simultaneously using electrospray ion-trap instrumentation. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) using an acetonitrile/water gradient was used for the LC-MS(2) determination of six microcystins standards and nodularin. The molecular related ion species, [M+H](+)([M+2H](2+) in the case of MC-RR), were used as the precursor ions for MS(2) experiments. Optimum calibration and reproducibility data were obtained for MC-LR using LC-MS(2); 0.1-5.0 microg/ml, r2 = 0.992 (n = 3); % RSD < or =7.3 at 0.25 microg MC-LR/ml (n = 3). The detection limit (S/N = 3) was better than 0.1 ng. Water samples for microcystin analysis were first screened using protein phosphatase (PP) assays and positives were concentrated using C-18 solid-phase extraction. The developed method was applied to examine a lake in Ireland contaminated by Microcystis sp. and MC-LR and MC-LA were identified.     

Bioaugmentation of aerobic microbial granules with Pseudomonas putida carrying TOL plasmid

This paper describes results of a successful bioaugmentation experiment on aerobic granular sludge using Pseudomonas putida KT2442 cells bearing the TOL (pWWO) plasmid. The methodology was designed to monitor incorporation of the added donor cells into pre-existent microbial granules and the subsequent plasmid transfer to the autochthonous microbial community using shake flask microcosms. Expression of reporter proteins (GFP and DsRed) allowed in situ monitoring of donor cell attachment and plasmid transfer to the recipient cells using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Concomitant with donor integration and transconjugant proliferation in the granules, a significant increase in degradation of benzyl alcohol (used as sole substrate) was observed in the augmented microcosms. In contrast, control microcosms (with non-augmented granules) did not show any noticeable increase in the degradation of the substrate. This study shows that bioaugmentation of aerobic granular sludge via donor colonization and plasmid transfer is feasible for enhanced biodegradation.     

低成本含磷材料修复环境重金属污染的研究进展

低成本含磷材料包括磷灰石、骨粉、无机磷肥及无机磷酸盐,其对环境重金属污染的修复值得引起生态学、环境学更广泛的重视.详细介绍了:(1)各类低成本含磷材料结构性质;(2)含磷材料在修复土壤、沉积物、水体重金属污染方面的应用;(3)含磷材料修复环境重金属污染的机理及影响因素;(4)含磷材料修复环境重金属污染的效果评价等方面的研究进展及发展前景.     

High-performance liquid chromatography with conductimetric detection of perfluorocarboxylic acids and perfluorosulfonates

A rapid and simple method for separating and determining various environmentally harmful perfluorocarboxylic acids and perfluorosulfonates was successfully developed using high- performance liquid chromatography with conductimetric detection, for product and waste management of these compounds at manufacturing and processing sites. Compounds having C(3)-C(8) perfluoroalkyl groups were separated using a Tosoh TSKgel Super-ODS column and a mobile phase consisting of a mixture of methanol and aqueous NaH(2)PO(4) at several mixing ratios. The best detection limits for the compounds ranged from 0.12 to 0.66 mg l(-1) (ppm), and linear calibration graphs were obtained up to 87-109 mg l(-1). The combination of this method with concentration of the sample by solid-phase extraction with cartridges based on styrene-divinylbenzene-copolymer enabled the determination of approximately 50 microg l(-1) (ppb) for compounds with C(4)-C(8) perfluoroalkyl groups. This method was successfully used to monitor the artificial decomposition of the perfluorocarboxylic acid n-C(4)F(9)COOH induced by a photocatalyst.     

Polychlorinated biphenyls in contaminated soil samples evaluated by GC-ECD with dual-column and GC-HRMS

We present and compare results obtained from the analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) of a limited number of contaminated soil samples collected in three areas of Basilicata region (south of Italy). The levels of PCBs were evaluated by using two analytical methods: (i) parallel dual-column gas-chromatography with dual electron capture detectors (GC-ECD) and (ii) gas-chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) via electron impact ionization (EI) in the multiple ion monitoring mode (MIM, two ions per compound). Two extraction methods prior to sample cleanup were also examined: microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE). The MAE was the extraction procedure adopted using acetone/n-hexane (1:1, v/v) as it is mainly characterized by higher sample throughput and allowed reduced consumption of organic solvents. While extraction and analysis of spiked soil samples showed the applicability of both methods, systematic differences between the results were obtained for the sum of PCBs as a result of some non-detected congeners by GC-ECD compared with GC-HRMS. Indeed, high resolution MS using EI mode (electron energy 40eV) with a resolving power of 10,000 provides additional information about the contamination pattern. The GC-ECD screening of 11 soil samples led to just one sample non-compliant to as it was close to the guide value for soils fixed by the Italian legislation (i.e., 60ppb for private or urban soil). Using GC-HRMS, the amount of all PCBs found ranged from 5.4 to 127ppb with five soil samples non-compliant to the guide value. The number of identified congeners ranged from 1 to 9 and 9 to 18 using dual-column GC-ECD and GC-HRMS, respectively.     

Analysis of herbicide Krovar I by liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry

A simple, very efficient method is presented for routine analysis of herbicide Krovar I (active components bromacil and diuron) in water and soil samples. Water samples were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction with dichloromethane (DCM) as extraction solvent. For soil samples two different extraction techniques were compared: microwave-assisted solvent extraction and a shaking technique using a platform shaker. Extracts were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography using a water:methanol gradient. Liquid chromatography was coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (LC-APCI-MS) for quantification of bromacil and diuron. Optimization of the APCI-MS was done by using standards in the flow injection analysis mode (FIA). Method detection limit for liquid samples for bromacil is 0.04 microg L(-1) and for diuron 0.03 microg L(-1). Method detection limit for soil samples is 0.01 microg g(-1) dry weight for both compounds. Results of analysis of field samples of water and soil are also presented.     

Air-surface exchange of mercury with soils amended with ash materials

Air-surface exchange of mercury (Hg) was measured from soil low in Hg (0.013 mg/kg) amended with four different ash materials: a wood ash containing -10% coal ash (0.070 mg/kg Hg), a mixture of two subbituminous coal fly ashes (0.075 mg/kg Hg), a subbituminous coal ash containing -10% petroleum coke ash (1.2 mg/kg Hg), and an ash from incinerated municipal sewage sludge (4.3 mg/kg Hg) using a dynamic flux chamber. Ash was added to soil to simulate agricultural supplements, soil stabilization, and pad layers used in livestock areas. For the agricultural amendment, -0.4% ash was well mixed into the soil. To make the stabilized soil that could be used for construction purposes, -20% ash was mixed into soil with water. The pad layer consisted of a wetted 1-cm layer of ash material on the soil surface. Diel trends of Hg flux were observed for all of the substrates with significantly higher Hg emissions during the day and negligible flux or deposition of Hg during the night. Hg fluxes, which were measured in the summer months, were best correlated with solar radiation, temperature, and air O3 concentrations. Mean Hg fluxes measured outdoors for unamended soils ranged from 19 to 140 ng/m2 day, whereas those for soil amended with ash to simulate an agricultural application ranged from 7.2 to 230 ng/m2 day. Fluxes for soil stabilized with ash ranged from 77 to 530 ng/m2 day and for soil with pads constructed of ash ranged from -50 to 90 ng/m2 day. Simple analytical tests (i.e., total Hg content, synthetic precipitation leaching procedure, heating, and indoor gas-exchange experiments) were performed to assess whether algorithms based on these tests could be used to predict Hg fluxes observed outdoors using the flux chamber. Based on this study, no consistent relationships could be developed. More work is needed to assess long-term and seasonal variations in Hg flux from (intact and disturbed) substrates before annual estimates of emissions can be developed.     

Complexation of the antibiotic tetracycline with humic acid

The effect of solution chemistry and sorbate-to-sorbent ratio on the interaction of the antibiotic tetracycline with Elliott soil humic acid (ESHA) was investigated using equilibrium dialysis and FITEQL modeling. Tetracycline speciation strongly influenced its sorption to ESHA. Sorption was strongly pH-dependent with a maximum around pH 4.3, and competition with H+ and electrolyte cation (Na+) was evident. The pH-dependent trend was consistent with complexation between the cationic/zwitterionic tetracycline species and deprotonated sites in ESHA (mainly carboxylic functional groups). Modification of ESHA by Ca2+ addition increased tetracycline sorption suggesting that ternary complex formation (ESHA-metal-tetracycline) may be important at higher concentrations of multivalent metal cations. The macroscopic data (pH-envelope and sorption isotherms) were successfully modeled using a discrete logK function with the FITEQL 4.0 chemical equilibrium program indicating that ESHA-tetracycline interaction could be reasonably represented as complex formation of a monoacid with discrete sites in humic acid. Sorption-desorption hysteresis was observed; both sorption and desorption isotherms were well described by the Freundlich equation.     

交换电极法强化电动修复铬污染土壤

pH值是影响污染土壤电动修复的主要因素。为此提出了交换电极法强化电动修复,并对该技术进行了实验研究。实验土壤Cr污染浓度为506.36 mg/kg,工作电压为1 V/cm,结果显示,固定电极方向运行模式下,运行2 d,产生聚焦效应,运行8 d,碱性区Cr(III)残留量和酸性区Cr(VI)残留量较大,分别是97.88 mg/kg和328 mg/kg,总铬去除率为59.04%。采用交换电极法,交换频率为4 d,运行8 d,总铬去除率为70.18%;交换频率为2 d,运行8 d,总铬去除率高达86.10%,土壤中总铬平均含量从506.36 mg/kg降至73.56 mg/kg,达到酸性土壤环境质量一级标准。该技术可控制土壤pH值在中性范围,电流密度高,不添加化学试剂,操作简单。     

Air-Surface Exchange of Mercury with Soils Amended with Ash Materials

Abstract

Air-surface exchange of mercury (Hg) was measured from soil low in Hg (0.013 mg/kg) amended with four different ash materials: a wood ash containing ～10% coal ash (0.070 mg/kg Hg), a mixture of two subbituminous coal fly ashes (0.075 mg/kg Hg), a subbituminous coal ash containing ～10% petroleum coke ash (1.2 mg/kg Hg), and an ash from incinerated municipal sewage sludge (4.3 mg/kg Hg) using a dynamic flux chamber. Ash was added to soil to simulate agricultural supplements, soil stabilization, and pad layers used in livestock areas. For the agricultural amendment, ～0.4% ash was well mixed into the soil. To make the stabilized soil that could be used for construction purposes, ～20% ash was mixed into soil with water. The pad layer consisted of a wetted 1-cm layer of ash material on the soil surface. Diel trends of Hg flux were observed for all of the substrates with significantly higher Hg emissions during the day and negligible flux or deposition of Hg during the night. Hg fluxes, which were measured in the summer months, were best correlated with solar radiation, temperature, and air O₃ concentrations. Mean Hg fluxes measured outdoors for unamended soils ranged from 19 to 140 ng/m² day, whereas those for soil amended with ash to simulate an agricultural application ranged from 7.2 to 230 ng/m² day. Fluxes for soil stabilized with ash ranged from 77 to 530 ng/m² day and for soil with pads constructed of ash ranged from ?50 to 90 ng/m² day. Simple analytical tests (i.e., total Hg content, synthetic precipitation leaching procedure, heating, and indoor gas-exchange experiments) were performed to assess whether algorithms based on these tests could be used to predict Hg fluxes observed outdoors using the flux chamber. Based on this study, no consistent relationships could be developed. More work is needed to assess long-term and seasonal variations in Hg flux from (intact and disturbed) substrates before annual estimates of emissions can be developed.     

Analysis and comparison of inertinite-derived adsorbent with conventional adsorbents

To increase U.S. petroleum energy-independence, the University of Texas at Arlington (UT Arlington) has developed a coal liquefaction process that uses a hydrogenated solvent and a proprietary catalyst to convert lignite coal to crude oil. This paper reports on part of the environmental evaluation of the liquefaction process: the evaluation of the solid residual from liquefying the coal, called inertinite, as a potential adsorbent for air and water purification. Inertinite samples derived from Arkansas and Texas lignite coals were used as test samples. In the activated carbon creation process, inertinite samples were heated in a tube furnace (Lindberg, Type 55035, Arlington, UT) at temperatures ranging between 300 and 850 degrees C for time spans of 60, 90, and 120 min, using steam and carbon dioxide as oxidizing gases. Activated inertinite samples were then characterized by ultra-high-purity nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 77 K using a high-speed surface area and pore size analyzer (Quantachrome, Nova 2200e, Kingsville, TX). Surface area and total pore volume were determined using the Brunauer Emmet, and Teller method, for the inertinite samples, as well as for four commercially available activated carbons (gas-phase adsorbents Calgon Fluepac-B and BPL 4 x 6; liquid-phase adsorbents Filtrasorb 200 and Carbsorb 30). In addition, adsorption isotherms were developed for inertinite and the two commercially available gas-phase carbons, using methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) as an example compound. Adsorption capacity was measured gravimetrically with a symmetric vapor sorption analyzer (VTI, Inc., Model SGA-100, Kingsville, TX). Also, liquid-phase adsorption experiments were conducted using methyl orange as an example organic compound. The study showed that using inertinite from coal can be beneficially reused as an adsorbent for air or water pollution control, although its surface area and adsorption capacity are not as high as those for commercially available activated carbons. Implications: The United States currently imports two-thirds of its crude oil, leaving its transportation system especially vulnerable to disruptions in international crude supplies. UT Arlington has developed a liquefaction process that converts coal, abundant in the United States, to crude oil. This work demonstrated that the undissolvable solid coal residual from the liquefaction process, called inertinite, can be converted to an activated carbon adsorbent. Although its surface area and adsorption capacity are not as high as those for commercially available carbons, the inertinite source material would be available at no cost, and its beneficial reuse would avoid the need for disposal.     

Assessing sediment toxicity and arsenite concentration with bacterial and traditional methods

Three sediment samples LP (pool where logs are stored), LF (brook through landfill area), KN (Kaskesniemi) which is in Lake Pyh?selk? downstream from the mill, were taken from an old sawmill area and one from the unpolluted Lake H?yti?inen. The arsenite concentration was measured by GFAAS and two arsenite biosensing bacterial strains Pseudomonas fluorescens OS8 (pTPT31) and Escherichia coli MC1061 (pTOO31). The toxicity of sediment and pore water samples was determined by using luminescent bacteria (Flash test) and, further, whole sediment toxicity was measured using 10 days growth test and 50 days emergency test with midges (Chironomus riparius). With the flash test a lowered EC50 value was found only in sediment LF (EC50=0.17 v/v%). The Flash test indicated that all sediment samples taken from the sawmill area were highly toxic to bacteria, whereas growth and the emergence of chironomids showed no effects in other samples than LF. The midges tolerate well the contaminated environment. In contrast, bioavailability of arsenite of sediment samples KN and LF was quite high determined using the biosensor-strains in a direct contact assay. The bioavailable fraction of sediment LP was 6-10% out of the total arsenite concentration obtained with GFAAS (0.46-0.77 microg g-1 dw). The results show that the choice of analysis method grossly affects the outcome without any of the method giving an incorrect result. Different methods measure different parameters of a toxic sample and can thus be used to complement each other.     

Estimating octanol-air partition coefficients with octanol-water partition coefficients and Henry's law constants

The octanol-air partition coefficient (K(OA)) is useful for predicting the partitioning behavior of organic compounds between air and environmental matrices such as soil, vegetation, and aerosol particles. At present, experimentally determined K(OA) values are available for only several hundred compounds. Therefore, the ability to estimate K(OA) is necessary for screening level evaluation of most chemicals. Although it is possible to estimate K(OA) from the octanol-water partition coefficient (K(OW)) and Henry's law constant (HLC), various concerns have been raised in regard to the usability of this estimation methodology. This work examines the accuracy and usability of K(OW) and HLC in application to a comprehensive database set of K(OA) values for screening level environmental assessment. Results indicate that K(OW) and HLC can be used to accurately predict K(OA) even when estimated K(OW) and HLC values are used. For an experimental dataset of 310log K(OA) values for different compounds, the K(OW)-HLC method was statistically accurate as follows: correlation coefficient (r2): 0.972, standard deviation: 0.526, absolute mean error: 0.358 using predominantly experimental K(OW) and HLC values. When K(OW) and HLC values were estimated (using the KOWWIN and HENRYWIN programs), the statistical accuracy was: correlation coefficient (r2): 0.957, standard deviation: 0.668, absolute mean error: 0.479.     

Zero-valent iron and iron oxide-coated sand as a combination for removal of co-present chromate and arsenate from groundwater with humic acid

The combination of zero-valent iron (Fe⁰) and iron oxide-coated sand (IOCS) was used to remove Cr(VI) and As(V) from groundwater in this study. The efficiency and the removal mechanism of Cr(VI) and As(V) by using this combination, with the influence of humic acid (HA), were investigated using batch experiments. Results showed that, compared to using Fe⁰ or IOCS alone, the Fe⁰-IOCS can perform better on the removal of both Cr(VI) and As(V). Metal extraction studies showed that As(V) was mainly removed by IOCS and iron corrosion products while Cr(VI) was mainly removed by Fe⁰ and its corrosion products. Competition was found between Cr(VI) and As(V) for the adsorption sites on the iron corrosion products. HA had shown insignificant effects on Cr(VI) removal but some effects on As(V) removal kinetics. As(V) was adsorbed on IOCS at the earlier stage, but adsorbed/coprecipitated with the iron corrosion products at the later stage.     

Synthesis of hydroxylated PCB metabolites with the Suzuki-coupling

An improved synthesis of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) which are structurally related to the major hydroxy PCB congeners identified in human plasma is described. The coupling of (chlorinated) aryl boronic acids with bromochloro anisoles using the standard conditions of the Suzuki coupling gave the desired hydroxylated PCB metabolites in good to excellent yields. The approach offers the advantage of high selectivity and good yields compared to conventional methods such as the Cadogan reaction and allows the use of less toxic starting materials.     

Kinetic studies of the reaction of hydroxyl radicals with trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene

Rate coefficients are reported for the gas-phase reaction of the hydroxyl radical (OH) with C2HCl3 (k(1)) and C2Cl4 (k2) over an extended temperature range at 740+/-10 Torr in a He bath gas. These absolute rate measurements were accomplished using a laser photolysis/laser-induced fluorescence (LP/LIF) technique under slow flow conditions. The simple Arrhenius equation adequately describes the low temperature data for k1 (<650 K) and the entire data set for k2 and is given by (in units of cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1)): k1(291 - 650 K) = (9.73+/-1.15) x 10(-13) exp (158.7+/-44.0)/T, k2(293 - 720 K ) = (1.53+/-0.14) x 10(-12) exp (-688.2+/-67.5)/T. Error limits are 2sigma values. The room temperature values for k1 and k2 are within +/-2sigma of previous data using different techniques. The Arrhenius activation energies for k1 and k2 are a factor of 2-3 lower than previously reported values. The experimental measurements for both k1 and k2 in conjunction with transition state and variation transition state theory calculations infer an OH addition mechanism. The lack of a measurable kinetic isotope effect for k1 is consistent with this mechanism. Insight into the subsequent reactions of the chemically activated intermediate are presented in the form of potential energy diagrams derived from ab initio calculations.     

Flux-based assessment at a manufacturing site contaminated with trichloroethylene

Groundwater and contaminant fluxes were measured, using the passive flux meter (PFM) technique, in wells along a longitudinal transect passing approximately through the centerline of a trichloroethylene (TCE) plume at a former manufacturing plant located in the Midwestern US. Two distinct zones of hydraulic conductivity were identified from the measured groundwater fluxes; a 6-m-thick upper zone ( approximately 7 m to 13 m below the ground surface or bgs) with a geometric mean Darcy flux (q(0)) of 2 cm/day, and a lower zone ( approximately 13 m to 16.5m bgs) with a q(0) approximately 15 cm/day; this important hydrogeologic feature significantly impacts any remediation technology used at the site. The flux-averaged TCE concentrations estimated from the PFM results compared well with existing groundwater monitoring data. It was estimated that at least 800 kg of TCE was present in the source zone. The TCE mass discharge across the source control plane (85 m x 38 m) was used to estimate the "source strength" ( approximately 365 g/day), while mass discharges across multiple down-gradient control planes were used to estimate the plume-averaged, TCE degradation rate constant (0.52 year(-1)). This is close to the rate estimated using the conventional centerline approach (0.78 year(-1)). The mass discharge approach provides a more robust and representative estimate than the centerline approach since the latter uses only data from wells along the plume centerline while the former uses all wells in the plume.     

Modeling the ETEX plume dispersion with the Canadian emergency response model

The CANadian Emergency Response Model (CANERM) was used to simulate the dispersion resulting from the ETEX release of 23 October 1994. Dispersion simulations were done using three different data sets as meteorological input: the ECMWF/ETEX Data Set, data from the CMC Global Data Assimilation System, and results from a diagnostic execution of the Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) model. Comparisons of the dispersion simulations are made with observed surface concentration data provided by the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission. It is found that CANERM can simulate fairly well the main features of the cloud dispersion. The spatial and temporal evolution of the simulated cloud appear quite plausible, but a tendency to overestimate surface concentrations is apparent. The simulations provide a credible explanation for the two peaks observed at station NL01; the first peak appears to be associated with the passage of the head portion of the plume, while the second seems to be associated with the tail part. Verification scores indicate that the simulations using the ECMWF/ETEX data set and CMC global data are of equivalent quality. However, the simulations obtained using the GEM diagnostic fields are significantly better.     

Stack gas dispersion measurements with Large Scale-PIV,Aspiration Probes and Light Scattering Techniques and comparison with CFD

The main purpose of this research is to manage simultaneous measurement of velocity and concentration in large cross-sections by recording and processing images of cloud structures to provide more detailed information for e.g. validation of CFD simulations. Dispersion from an isolated stack in an Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) was chosen as the test case and investigated both experimentally and numerically in a wind tunnel. Large Scale-Particle Image Velocimetry (LS-PIV), which records cloud structures instead of individual particles, was used to obtain the velocity field in a vertical plane. The concentration field was determined by two methods: Aspiration Probe (AP) measurements and Light Scattering Technique (LST). In the latter approach, the same set of images used in the LS-PIV was employed. The test case was also simulated using the CFD solver FLUENT 6.3. Comparison between AP measurements and CFD revealed that there is good agreement when using a turbulent Schmidt number of 0.4. For the LST measurements, a non-linear relation between concentration and light intensity was observed and a hyperbolic-based function is proposed as correction function. After applying this correction function, a close agreement between CFD and LST measurements is obtained.