The fermentative production of L-lysine as an animal feed additive

A new and innovative process for the biotechnological production of L-lysine is presented, exemplified here by the fermentative production of the feed additive Biolys60. The novel feature of this product is that the entire manufacturing concept, i.e. the production strain, the raw materials, all process stages and the product specifications have been systematically tailored for optimal environmental compatibility and for minimum resource depletion and waste. The process completely dispenses with the need to discharge residual and waste material and reduces the handling of hazardous materials to a minimum. Since only a few process stages are involved, the method is economical to use and investment outlay is reduced. The process, which also leads to a higher grade product, is thus highly attractive in both ecological and economical terms. By boosting the nutrient value of the plant-based feedstuffs, the product itself makes an cost-effective contribution towards a more sustainable form of animal feeding and by reducing nitrogen emission levels promotes a more environmentally compatible form of animal husbandry.     

Shifts in winter distribution in birds: effects of global warming and local habitat change

As global warming intensified toward the end of the 20th century, there was a northward shift in winter ranges of bird species in Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA. These poleward shifts were correlated to local increases in minimum winter temperatures and global temperature anomalies. This evidence, plus other recent results, suggests that during the last two decades global warming has led to massive and widespread biogeographic shifts with potentially major ecological and human consequences. Local habitat changes associated with urban sprawl affected mainly forest birds with more northern winter distributions. In Cape Cod, the effects of warming on bird distributions are more substantial at the start of the 21st century, than those of habitat alteration, but as urban sprawl continues its importance may rival that of global warming.     

Spatially valid data of atmospheric deposition of heavy metals and nitrogen derived by moss surveys for pollution risk assessments of ecosystems

For analysing element input into ecosystems and associated risks due to atmospheric deposition, element concentrations in moss provide complementary and time-integrated data at high spatial resolution every 5 years since 1990. The paper reviews (1) minimum sample sizes needed for reliable, statistical estimation of mean values at four different spatial scales (European and national level as well as landscape-specific level covering Europe and single countries); (2) trends of heavy metal (HM) and nitrogen (N) concentrations in moss in Europe (1990–2010); (3) correlations between concentrations of HM in moss and soil specimens collected across Norway (1990–2010); and (4) canopy drip-induced site-specific variation of N concentration in moss sampled in seven European countries (1990–2013). While the minimum sample sizes on the European and national level were achieved without exception, for some ecological land classes and elements, the coverage with sampling sites should be improved. The decline in emission and subsequent atmospheric deposition of HM across Europe has resulted in decreasing HM concentrations in moss between 1990 and 2010. In contrast, hardly any changes were observed for N in moss between 2005, when N was included into the survey for the first time, and 2010. In Norway, both, the moss and the soil survey data sets, were correlated, indicating a decrease of HM concentrations in moss and soil. At the site level, the average N deposition inside of forests was almost three times higher than the average N deposition outside of forests.     

Aquatic microcosm assessment of the effects of tylosin on Lemna gibba and Myriophyllum spicatum

Tylosin is a macrolide antibiotic commonly used for therapeutic treatment and prophylaxis in livestock. As part of a larger ecotoxicological study, the potential phytotoxic effects of tylosin on the rooted macrophyte Myriophyllum spicatum and the floating macrophyte Lemna gibba were assessed under semi-field conditions using 15 12 000-L microcosms. Concentrations of 0, 10, 30, 300 microg/L (n = 3), and 600, 1000, and 3000 microg/L (n = 1) were evaluated as part of separate ANOVA and regression analyses over an exposure period of 35 days. Fate of tylosin was monitored over time in the highest three treatments, where dissipation followed pseudo-first order kinetics with associated half-lives ranging from 9 to 10 days. For both M. spicatum and L. gibba, tylosin was found to cause no biologically significant changes to any endpoint assessed compared to controls at a Type I error rate of 0.1. However, subsequent power analyses revealed that there was generally insufficient power to declare that there were no significant differences at a Type II error rate of 0.2. Conclusions concerning biologically significant impacts were therefore further assessed based on other statistical criteria including comparisons of percent differences between replicated treatments and controls, minimum significant and minimum detectable differences, and coefficients of variation. Based on these criteria, at an ecological effect size of >20% change, tylosin was concluded to elicit no biologically or ecologically significant toxicity to M. spicatum or L. gibba. A hazard quotient assessment indicated that tylosin poses little risk to either species of macrophyte, with an HQ value calculated to be nearly three orders of magnitude below 1 (0.002).     

Influence of the reflux ratio in a distillation column in the unsaturated polyester resins process

The Mexican chemical industry is facing new standards of ecological protection regulated by SEMARNAP (Department of Social Development) and norms imposed by SE (Department of Energy) that require the industry to adjust their processes to use the minimum amount of energy. In particular, the industries that create polyester resins from glycols generate streams of polluted liquids, which are causing plant closures because their standards don't match the official standards. On the other hand, those industries that comply with the norms are unable to sell their products at a competitive price because they can't afford the cost of the technological developments. This paper focuses on the study of the distillation column operation that separates the glycol from the water used in the process. This technology as applied to the production has remained unchanged since 1955, but now the new standards are driving the search for new treatments. A simulation programme has been developed to study the sensitivity and dependency of the variables that govern the distillation column operation for the manufacture of unsaturated polyester resins. Four cases that compare different schemes of column operation are described.     

加快生态文化建设促进社会和谐进步

阐述了在构建和谐社会的过程中，加快建设生态文化的必然性和重要性，分析了生态文化建设对构建和谐社会的促进作用和中国生态文化建设存在的问题，进一步探讨了生态文化建设的内容并提出了建议。     

"三生空间"视角下乌鲁木齐市土地利用功能转型及其生态服务价值研究

为探寻快速城镇化地区资源优化配置方式,实现区域内“三生空间”可持续发展,以乌鲁木齐市2004—2018年间3期的Landsat遥感影像为数据源,并建立以“三生空间”为主导的土地利用类型分类体系,采用ArcGIS分析15年间乌鲁木齐市土地利用功能转型特征及生态服务价值时空演变规律。结果表明:(1)15年间乌鲁木齐市的生活生产空间呈现持续扩张的趋势,生产生态空间和生态生产空间都出现先上升后下降的趋势,生态空间持续下降,生活生产空间的大幅增长来自其对生态空间以及生产生态空间的占用;(2)2004—2018年间乌鲁木齐市生态服务价值下降了13.87%,生态空间的生态服务价值下降总量最大;(3)未来应重点保护和规划生态空间内的林地、草地以及湿地等,高效集约利用生活、生产功能用地。     

胶州湾表层沉积物重金属污染分布特征及其生态风险评价

根据2009年对胶州湾东岸表层沉积物中重金属调查结果,对重金属含量分布及富集特征进行分析,并采用潜在生态危害指数(RI)法对其生态危害程度进行评价。结果表明,胶州湾东岸表层沉积物中的重金属含量,除7月的Cu、Cr平均含量略低于12月外,其他重金属(Cd、Zn、Pb、As)平均含量7月均高于12月。在表层沉积物中Cd的污染程度最高,7月平均污染指数达1.68。单个重金属潜在生态危害系数(Eir)表明,Cd的Eir大于其他重金属的Eir,其他重金属的Eir均小于轻微危害程度的划分标准,表明对胶州湾东岸生态环境具有潜在影响的重金属主要是Cd,从多个重金属的RI均值看,均小于150,属于轻微生态危害。     

富阳市昌东村生态农业建设

对昌东村生态农业建设和自然资源保护情况进行了总结,并对其取得的成效进行了分析。结果表明,生态村建设是农村经济可持续发展必由之路,昌东经验对亚热带丘陵地区发展农村经济有一定指导意义。     

湿地生态地球化学研究进展

湿地生态地球化学研究是湿地研究的核心内容之一, 是研究其物理过程、化学过程和生物过程及其相互关系以及这些过程与湿地功能的关系.回顾了近年来国内外湿地生态地球化学方面的研究成果,介绍了它的概念,并评述了湿地的生态功能、元素地球化学、生物地球化学、湿地模型和3S技术等新技术在湿地研究中的应用等方面的研究进展.提出了中国湿地生态地球化学研究的优先领域,应加强湿地基础理论研究及在湿地的演化、生态过程、界面过程、预测与评价、信息系统等方面的研究.     

生态文明城市建设指标体系构建的研究

根据生态文明市的内涵和特征,确立生态文明市建设指标体系的构建原则,建立了生态文明市建设评估指标体系,并对生态文明市的建设提出了实施建议。     

可持续发展战略的生态经济伦理学思考

阐述了可持续发展战略的制定与选择，为生态经济伦理学的形成创造了价值前提；正在兴起的知识经济及其对经济增长方式的认定，为生态经济伦理学的形成提供着经济和观念的双重支持。倡导坚持可持续发展伦理思想，走生态经济发展的道路。     

Integration of the environment in product design by a learning process: proposal for a piloting tool

This paper examines the nature of ecological economics, arguing that it comprises two aspects, the qualitative framework within which it operates and the quantitative techniques which it uses to measure sustainability, evaluate policies and assist decision-making. The former is distinct to ecological economics, whereas the latter is largely shared with environmental economics. Although these have co-existed for some time, it is contended that the qualitative aspect needs to be developed if ecological economics is to realise its potential. The paper first offers a Schumpeterian 'pre-analytic' vision of ecological economics. Ecological economics, it is argued, necessarily implies a fundamental change in the way problems are perceived and in how they should be addressed. Second, the paper discusses the quantitative aspect of ecological economics, arguing that the overlap with environmental economics in the techniques used is one reason why the two have frequently not been seen as sufficiently distinct. The paper concludes that a development of the qualitative, procedural aspect of ecological economics is needed if its full potential for influencing policy-making is to be realised.     

论生态环境监测

通过对生态环境监测，特别是基层生态环境监测体系、现状、监测内容、实施原则等进行了初步探讨，以推动生态环境监测工作的进展。     

广州市白云人工湖生态修复工程设计

广州市白云湖是广州市最大的人工生态服务湖泊,通过对白云湖生态修复工程进行设计,采用了炭素纤维生态草、微纳米气泡发生装置及纯氧发生器和人工干预与生物处理相结合生态浮床等环保新技术对白云湖水体进行综合生态修复,并对白云湖水质进行跟踪监测。结果显示,白云湖水质提升工程实施之后,白云湖各项水质指标都有一定的改善。白云湖生态修复工程的设计经验对于类似人工水体的水质改善和生态修复工程建设具有参考意义。     

我国环境生态系统演变趋势

本文在对气候变化与环境生态系统现状进行了广泛调查的基础上，结合国内学者的研究，对近五年我国环境生态系统的演变趋势作了系统的回顾，并提出了保护我国生态系统的对策。     

Green finance,technological progress,and ecological performance—evidence from 30 Provinces in China

The interaction between green finance and other factors, such as ecological environment, has been a research hotspot nowadays. Especially, the reasonable guiding of capital into energy conservation and environmental protection industries would greatly affect those factors, so as to the relation between them. This paper aimed to analyze the relationships between green finance, technological progress, and ecological performance quantitatively. The entropy method was used to respectively construct the system of index for green finance and technological progress, and index for ecological performance was measured by the super-SBM model. The panel vector autoregressive (PVAR) model was selected to empirically analyze dynamic relationships based on datasets from 30 provinces in China during 2008–2019 period. The results told that (1) from 2008 to 2019, China’s overall level of green finance, technological progress and ecological performance increased to varying degrees. Spatially, the areas with high-developed green finance greatly coincided with those such as large cities or the eastern coast that had good financial development. The distribution of technological progress index were similar, except some underdeveloped areas with relatively advanced scientific research institutes. The ecological performance, however, was high in the South and low in the north. (2) In the lag for 3 years, the influence of green finance on ecological performance in different regions was all positive for that all the coefficient symbols that passed the significance test were above 0, while that on technological progress was negative first and then positive. And the effects of technological progress on ecological performance were positive in ecological regions and negative in low ecological regions (0.0893 and -0.1211 in the case of three-stage lag respectively). (3) The contribution of green finance to ecological performance was high according to the results of variance decomposition, maintained at about 30%, and that of technological progress increased year by year (from 0.000 to 0.039). Therefore, we proposed to strengthen the development of green finance in underdeveloped regions. The emphasis should be laid on the researches and applications of green technology, the formulation of financing policies in innovation compensation and the establishment of a dynamic monitoring system for the ecological environment.

     

Possibilities for reducing nitrate leaching from agricultural land

Agricultural soil is a contributor of nitrate to natural waters. High nitrate levels in water leached from soils are related to high nitrate concentrations in drinking water, and excess levels change the ecological balance of rivers and lakes. In this paper, sound solutions to the major environmental issue of limiting nitrate leaching by modifying agricultural practices are discussed. The causes of nitrate leaching from agricultural land are briefly explained and existing measures for the reduction of nitrate losses are described, analyzed and evaluated. Reduction of nutrient leaching is not a question of organic or conventional farming, but rather of the introduction and use of appropriate countermeasures. We propose the following guiding principles to minimize leaching from agricultural soils. To some extent these principles require a new way of thinking: i) environmental indexing of fields and consideration of spatial variability within fields in relation to their contribution to leaching losses within a catchment; ii) reduction of nitrogen inputs to soil to levels slightly below those expected to give the optimum yield by applying less nitrogen fertilizer and by a further reduction in animal density; and iii) use of a range of counter-measures (catch crops, minimum tillage, control of biological processes, etc.) depending on how sensitive the farming system, soil and climate are to the risk of nitrate leaching.     

景观生态学在水库环评中的应用--以周公宅水库为例

生态完整性的判定是生态影响评价的基础，可从生态体系的结构和功能两个方面考虑进行评价。分别从景观结构、植被生物量和植被分布的空间异质性三个角度对宁波市周公宅水库库区景观生态体系的结构和功能状况进行了评价。     

Closing the collaborative gap: Aligning social and ecological connectivity for better management of interconnected wetlands

Understanding how governance structures align to ecological processes in a landscape is critical for effective management of ecological resources. Ecological resources are not independent from each other, instead they are interconnected, and their well-being is often critically dependent on upholding ecological connectivity, especially in times of change and disturbances. Coordination and collaboration among managing actors, each managing their own piece of the puzzle, is therefore essentially a requirement for effective management. We present a conceptual model that includes ecological resources, managing and coordinating actors, along with an explicit representation on how all these entities are connected to each other. We apply this model to 25 municipalities that manage 408 wetlands in central Sweden. The study shows a good social and ecological alignment, however with a high prevalence for coordination through third parties. We discuss this pattern emergence, its potential implications, and examine which municipalities adopt these coordinating functions.