Energy supplies and future engines for land, sea, and air

The years 2012 and beyond seem likely to record major changes in energy use and power generation. The Japanese tsunami has resulted in large countries either scaling back or abolishing the future use of nuclear energy. The discovery of what seems like vast amounts of economically deliverable natural gas has many forecasting a rapid switch from coal- to gas-fired generating plants. On the other hand, environmentalists have strong objections to the production of natural gas and of petroleum by hydraulic fracturing from shale, or by extraction of heavy oil. They believe that global warming from the use of fossil fuels is now established beyond question. There has been rapid progress in the development of alternative energy supplies, particularly from on-shore and off-shore wind. Progress toward a viable future energy mix has been slowed by a U.S. energy policy that seems to many to be driven by politics. The author will review the history of power and energy to put all of the above in context and will look at possible future developments. He will propose what he believes to be an idealized energy policy that could result in an optimum system that would be arrived at democratically.     

Subisokinetic Sampling Errors for Aircraft Turbine Engine Smoke Probes

The years 2012 and beyond seem likely to record major changes in energy use and power generation. The Japanese tsunami has resulted in large countries either scaling back or abolishing the future use of nuclear energy. The discovery of what seems like vast amounts of economically deliverable natural gas has many forecasting a rapid switch from coal- to gas-fired generating plants. On the other hand, environmentalists have strong objections to the production of natural gas and of petroleum by hydraulic fracturing from shale, or by extraction of heavy oil. They believe that global warming from the use of fossil fuels is now established beyond question. There has been rapid progress in the development of alternative energy supplies, particularly from on-shore and off-shore wind. Progress toward a viable future energy mix has been slowed by a U.S. energy policy that seems to many to be driven by politics. The author will review the history of power and energy to put all of the above in context and will look at possible future developments. He will propose what he believes to be an idealized energy policy that could result in an optimum system that would be arrived at democratically.

Implications The combustion energy sector is believed to be a dominant component of environmental pollution. A multitude of technologies support this sector and many have the potential to replace elements of this sector with low-polluting processes. This review covers a selection of energy production technologies that are important for the future. A historical perspective is provided to advance the general knowledge about these technologies as options for the world's increasing demand for energy. In addition, a decarbonization policy option for an energy fee is proposed as an alternative to carbon taxation or cap-and-trade approaches.     

Low-carbon energy strategies and economic growth in developed and developing economies: the case of energy efficiency and energy diversity

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - There has been growing interest in studying the relationship between energy strategies (energy efficiency and energy diversity) and economic growth to...     

A research on conventional and modern algorithms for maximum power extraction from wind energy conversion system: a review

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In the last few decades, wind energy has become a significant source of the renewable energy system, and it is essential to use wind energy for...     

AB活性污泥法的生命周期能耗分析

运用LCA技术可从全过程的视角识别和比较不同城市污水处理工艺在其生命周期各个阶段的能耗,并在此基础上提出改善其能效的措施。运用LCA方法对AB活性污泥法处理系统从其原材料开采和加工开始直到污水厂施工建设、处理运行以及废弃拆除的LC全过程能耗进行了识别和量化分析,并与普通活性污泥法进行了平行对照。研究结果表明,AB法的LC能耗在微孔和穿孔管两种曝气条件下可双普通活性污泥法分别节省9.5％和15.8%,但由于污水中有机物大部分转化为污泥形态,其比能耗仅与普通活性污泥法相当。AB法处理系统污泥的稳定化处理已成为提高其能效的重要途径。     

Renewable Energy

The Energy Committee of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has in a series of projects gathered information and knowledge on renewable energy from various sources, both within and outside the academic world. In this article, we synthesize and summarize some of the main points on renewable energy from the various Energy Committee projects and the Committee’s Energy 2050 symposium, regarding energy from water and wind, bioenergy, and solar energy. We further summarize the Energy Committee’s scenario estimates of future renewable energy contributions to the global energy system, and other presentations given at the Energy 2050 symposium. In general, international coordination and investment in energy research and development is crucial to enable future reliance on renewable energy sources with minimal fossil fuel use.     

Study on the measurement and the changing trend of the energy use of China’s economic sectors: based on cross-region input-output model

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The consumption of fossil energy is the major cause of environmental pollution. Effectively reducing the fossil energy use has important significance...     

The joint and independent effects of financial development and renewable energy on energy consumption in the Trans-Pacific countries

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - While the independent effect is widely examined, the joint effect of financial development and renewable energy on energy consumption has largely been...     

Do drivers of renewable energy consumption matter for BRICS economies? Nexus among technological innovation,environmental degradation,economic growth,and income inequality

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In light of increasing concerns about climate change and energy security, renewable energy has been seen as the most promising solution to fulfil...     

Renewable energy and energy-saving initiatives in Greece: policy and experience

Energy policy is a key issue for economic and environmental policies. Indeed, energy is an indispensable element for economic development while, on the other hand, it causes severe environmental problems. In this context, a pressure for using renewable energy resources and for energy saving has emerged and expanded in recent years. As a result, energy policy is being reoriented under the new conditions. This paper examines this reorientation and its results in Greece where the bioclimatic conditions are in favour of renewable energy resources and energy-saving projects.     

不同形式电极与染料溶液的反应及其能耗

本研究对分散红E-4B、还原深蓝BO和酸性红B等三种染料分别用三维电极法和平板电极法进行了电解,结果表明三维电极法比平板电极法节能可达70%以上;并且电解效果越好的染料,采用三维电极法电解节能效果越明显.并且在不同pH值条件下,对酸性红B进行电解实验,结果表明在不同pH值条件下,色度去除率基本相同,中性条件下TOC的去除效果较好.     

Performance enhancement of the photovoltaic system with different cooling methods

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Solar energy has been a vital renewable energy source for humanity for decades. Researchers have proposed many strategies to harness the same but...     

Renewable-nonrenewable energy: institutional quality and environment nexus in South Asian countries

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Today energy has become a fundamental need; without energy consumption, no country can survive economically. Along with developed economies,...     

Design,fabrication and performance assessment of a solar cooker with optimum composition of heat storage materials

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Solar energy as an inexhaustible source of energy has been the primary interest of many researchers for the last four to five decades due to its wide...     

能量代谢动力学模型对污水处理参数优化

从本质上说,微生物的降解的过程就是微生物能量代谢的过程,从能量守恒原理出发,通过简化,导出了能量代谢动力学模型,从而从微观领域建立了能量参数与系统参数之间的联系,同时通过模型实验求解出其中的参数,找出微生物比增殖速率和基于ATP的能量比利用速率之间的关系,进而可以根据实际进水水质对系统参数进行计算,优化处理过程,用以确定和校正一些凭经验设计的关键参数。因此,能量代谢方程在理论上和实践上都具有重要的意义。     

Energy and Efficiency Characteristics of the Ejector Venturi Scrubber

The scrubbing and pumping actions in the Ejector Venturi Scrubber are two separate phenomenon occurring simultaneously. Each phenomenon requires energy and has efficiency of operation and collection efficiency. These energy and efficiency relationships are discussed and illustrated in form of numerous graphs. The scrubbing energy requirements and how they vary with particle sizes down to one micron are also discussed and presented in form of numerous graphs.     

Burning Water: A Comparative Analysis of the Energy Return on Water Invested

While various energy-producing technologies have been analyzed to assess the amount of energy returned per unit of energy invested, this type of comprehensive and comparative approach has rarely been applied to other potentially limiting inputs such as water, land, and time. We assess the connection between water and energy production and conduct a comparative analysis for estimating the energy return on water invested (EROWI) for several renewable and non-renewable energy technologies using various Life Cycle Analyses. Our results suggest that the most water-efficient, fossil-based technologies have an EROWI one to two orders of magnitude greater than the most water-efficient biomass technologies, implying that the development of biomass energy technologies in scale sufficient to be a significant source of energy may produce or exacerbate water shortages around the globe and be limited by the availability of fresh water.     

Do renewable energies contribute to enhancing environmental quality in Eastern Africa?

East Africa has enormous renewable energy potential, but only a small portion of it has been exploited, and little is known on its role in improving environmental quality. Thus, this study empirically examines the impact of renewable energy on the environment using ecological footprint (EF; positive indicator) and CO₂ emissions (negative indicator) as proxy indicators for environmental quality in a panel of ten East African countries from 1990 to 2015. These indicators were chosen due to their potential impact in the environment. The work used the pooled mean group (PMG) as the main panel estimator to determine the impact while controlling non-renewable energy consumption, GDP per capita, and foreign direct investment (FDI). PMG has been used as it forces the long-run coefficients to be equal across all panel groups. The findings show that in the long run, there is a significant negative relationship between CO₂ emissions and renewable energy consumption, as well as a significant positive relationship (with a low impact) between EF and renewable energy consumption, suggesting that renewable energy use enhances the area’s environmental quality. Also, results indicate that non-renewable energy use degrades environmental quality in both metrics, whereas GDP degrades environmental quality through CO₂ emissions and improves environmental quality through EF. This requires East African countries to focus a higher emphasis on accessible renewable energy sources to achieve quick and sustainable economic growth and minimize environmental effects. To accomplish this, strategic policies and legislation, as well as the promotion of green technology, are required.

     

Review on China’s wind power policy (1986–2017)

As an important renewable energy source, wind power plays a key role in mitigating climate change and has become one of the fastest growing clean energies globally. In China, wind energy development has been a vital component of national energy transformation strategy. Over the years, the Chinese government has introduced a series of policies to promote the development of wind power and also to regulate this emerging industry. Base on examining all the key policy documents on wind power issued by the Chinese government over the last 30 years, we find that China has built up a comprehensive policy system, and summarized the current framework of Chinese wind power policy systematically. Then, we analyze the policy objectives, policy tools, major measures, their results in each development stage, and the characteristics and trends of China’s wind power policies. Finally, we discuss the limitations of the current policy and put forward corresponding suggestions.

     

Combustion Mechanisms in Wood Fired Boilers

The emissions from combustion of wood residue fuel in an experimental spreader-stoker boiler were measured at the Fairplay Test Facility at Oregon State University. Stack gases were monitored to determine levels of excess air, opacity, and particulate loading. Particulate emissions were measured to determine the effects of underfire air flow rate and fuel bed depth on particulate carry over rate. An experiment conducted at four energy release rates and two fuel bed depths indicated that increased bed depth has the effect of reducing particulate emissions and that the effect increases as energy release rate increases. The experiment also showed increased energy release rate has the effect of increasing particulate emissions. The effects were found to be statistically significant.