基于枯草芽孢杆菌微生物传感器的毒性分析

采用枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)为指示生物的微生物传感器毒性分析系统,对重金属(Hg2+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Cr6+、Cd2+、Pb2+和Co2+)、有机污染物[邻氯苯酚(2-CP)、2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP)、邻硝基酚(2-NP)、对硝基酚(4-NP)、四环素和十二烷基苯磺酸钠]及石油废水等的生物急性毒性进行分析.结果表明,对数生长后期和稳定期的Bacillussubtilis微生物传感器具有良好的毒性分析性能,Cd2+、Zn2+、Cr6+、Cu2+、Hg2+、Pb2+对Bacillus subtilis的EC50分别为47.3,10.9,14.0,2.6,0.8,100.1mg/L,Co2+的EC30为56.6mg/L,2-CP、2,4-DCP、2-NP、4-NP、四环素和十二烷基苯磺酸钠的EC50分别为559.6,450.8,588.5,487.0,121.3,558.9mg/L,该微生物传感器能真实反映石油废水的毒性情况.     

生物毒性测试微孔板MTOXPlate的分析性能研究

采用以11种微生物为指示生物的毒性测试微孔板MTOXPlate,以污染物对微生物细胞的脱氢酶活性抑制为测试终点,对重金属Hg2+、Cd2+、Cr6+、Pb2+,酚类化合物2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP)、邻氯苯酚(2-CP)、对氯苯酚(4-CP)、邻硝基酚(2-NP)、对硝基酚(4-NP)及地表水、生活污水、印染废水的生物毒性进行分析.结果表明,MTOXPlate生物毒性测试微孔板具有良好的毒性分析性能,Hg2+、Cd2+、Cr6+和Pb2+的EC50值分别为0.617、21.05、35.21和11.22 mg·L-1,2,4-DCP、2-CP、4-CP、2-NP和4-NP的EC50值分别为27.26、64.29、44.19、85.89和33.84 mg·L-1.MTOXPlate分析得到地表水原水的抑制率均小于20%,生活污水的EC50值为62.19%,印染废水的EC50值为16.42%,表明生物毒性测试微孔板MTOXPlate能真实地反映地表水、生活污水和印染废水的毒性情况.     

Cd2+共存时镰刀菌(Fusarium sp.HJ01)降解对氯苯酚的特性与机制

为了解Cd2+对镰刀菌(Fusarium sp.HJ01)降解对氯苯酚(4-CP)的影响,研究了Cd2共存时,浓度、pH、碳源与氮源对镰刀菌降解4-CP特性的影响,并分析了其降解动力学与机理.结果表明,在降解温度、4-CP浓度等相同时,Cd2+共存对镰刀菌降解4-CP有一定的抑制作用.Cd2浓度小于3.O mg·L-1时,随着4-CP浓度的增大,镰刀菌对4-CP的降解速率变慢.镰刀菌降解4-CP的适宜pH为4.外加碳源蔗糖(3.Og·L-1)与外加NH4Cl(3.0 g·L-1)均使镰刀菌降解4-CP速度有所减缓.在Cd2+浓度0.1 ～3.0 mg·L-1时,镰刀菌降解4-CP符合零级动力学方程.Cd2+共存时只对4-CP的降解速率产生一定的抑制作用,而对其降解途径可能无显著影响.     

蜜环菌漆酶对氯酚类污染物催化降解条件优化

利用蜜环菌发酵所得的漆酶粗酶液直接对2种氯酚类污染物2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP)和2-氯酚(2-CP)进行催化降解实验,探讨了反应时间、pH值、反应温度、氯酚浓度、以及漆酶酶量对其降解效果的影响,得出了最适降解条件并对其降解动力学进行分析.结果表明,在适宜的条件下,漆酶粗酶液可有效降解2,4-DCP和2-CP且蜜环菌漆酶催化降解2,4-DCP的能力较强,2,4-DCP最适降解温度为40℃,最适浓度为75 mg.L-1,最适酶量为0.1 U.mL-1,最适pH值为6.5,在最优条件下反应10h后,2,4-DCP最高降解率可达97%以上.2-CP最适降解温度为50℃,最适浓度为100 mg.L-1,最适酶量为0.1 U.mL-1,最适pH值为6,在最优条件下反应10 h后,2-CP最高降解率高达93%以上.蜜环菌漆酶粗酶液对2,4-DCP和2-CP的降解反应符合一级动力学特征.结果表明蜜环菌粗漆酶液能有效转化氯酚类化合物,说明该酶在酚类污染物治理和环境保护等方面有潜在应用价值.     

ZVI/EDDS/Air体系降解水中2,4-二氯酚的研究

建立零价铁(ZVI)、乙二胺二琥珀酸(EDDS)和曝气三者组成的类Fenton(ZVI/EDDS/Air)处理体系,考察了初始EDDS浓度、铁粉投加量、曝气速率、2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP)浓度、初始pH以及反应温度等对水溶液中2,4-DCP降解的影响.结果表明,该体系能有效降解2,4-DCP,并且其降解规律符合准一级动力学方程.在2,4-DCP质量浓度100 mg·L-1、EDDS浓度0.80 mmol.L-1、铁粉投加量20 g·L-1、曝气速率为2 L.(min.L)-1的最佳实验条件下室温反应1 h,2,4-DCP的降解率达到99%.ZVI/EDDS/Air体系对氯酚的降解较ZVI/EDTA/Air体系具有环境友好、反应条件温和,而且对2,4-DCP的降解效果好等优点.     

3种氯酚对噬热四膜虫的毒性效应

以原生动物噬热四膜虫作为受试生物,研究了3种氯酚的急性毒性和遗传毒性及环境因子对污染物的生物效应,探讨了水体硬度对3种氯酚生物毒性的影响.结果表明,3种氯酚毒性大小依次为五氯酚(PCP)>2,4,6-三氯酚(2,4,6-TCP)>2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP),表明随着氯原子数目的增加,生物毒性增强.硬度实验结果显示随水体硬度升高,3种氯酚对四膜虫的急性毒性先降低后增加,但不同的水体硬度下2,4-DCP对四膜虫的24、48、72和96 h EC50值分别为3.69、3.54、3.02和2.34 mg·L-1;2,4,6-TCP分别为3.23、2.83、2.56和1.97 mg·L-1;PCP分别为0.63、0.45、0.34和0.28 mg·L-1,3种氯酚的EC50值分别在同一数量级上,表明对四膜虫的毒性影响不大.采用单细胞凝胶电泳技术(SCEG)研究了3种氯酚对四膜虫核DNA的损伤作用,结果显示氯酚类化合物具有细胞毒性,彗星实验可以较好地指示氯酚类化合物的遗传毒性.     

五氯苯酚与邻氯苯酚和2,4-二氯苯酚对斑马鱼的联合毒性

在五氯苯酚(PCP)与邻氯苯酚(2-CP)和2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)3种物质单一毒性试验结果的基础上,按照等毒性单位设计,采用相加指数法,对五氯苯酚(PCP)与邻氯苯酚(2-CP)或2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)以及这3种物质共存对斑马鱼(Brachydanio rerio)的联合毒性进行了试验研究.结果表明,邻氯苯酚(2-CP)和2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)与五氯苯酚的联合毒性效应均表现为协同作用,使五氯苯酚的毒性剧增.由于邻氯苯酚或2,4-二氯苯酚的存在以及3种物质共存,使五氯苯酚对斑马鱼的48 h LC50由原来的0.102 mg/L,分别下降到0.031,0.029及0.022 mg/L.因此可见,水体污染评价目前只考虑单一毒物的影响还远远不够,由此制定的控制标准对水体的保护不利,必须从联合毒性的角度对水质污染进行综合评价.      

以混合单氯酚驯化厌氧颗粒污泥降解2,4-DCP的研究

利用邻氯酚 (2-CP)和对氯酚 (4-MCP)的模拟废水驯化厌氧颗粒污泥并考察驯化的污泥对2,4-二氯酚 (2,4-DCP)的降解性.通过摇瓶试验和运行连续流反应器研究了将2种单氯酚驯化过的污泥混合后对混合单氯酚以及2,4-DCP的降解特性,并比较了驯化与未驯化的污泥降解2,4-DCP过程的差异.驯化与未驯化的污泥分别在50 h和180 h左右将2,4-DCP降解完全,表明混合单氯酚驯化的厌氧颗粒污泥降解2,4-DCP 比未驯化的厌氧颗粒污泥快.虽然2种污泥降解过程都出现了4-MCP积累现象,但驯化的污泥可以逐渐降解4-MCP,未驯化的污泥则无法降解.因此,混合单氯酚驯化的污泥可以强化邻、对位脱氯功能,并且提高污泥对2,4-DCP的降解性.连续流厌氧颗粒污泥-悬浮载体反应器的运行结果表明,接种混合单氯酚驯化的厌氧污泥能够同时降解2种单氯酚,可缩短启动时间,并提高了降解二氯酚效率.2-CP的去除率一直维持在80%左右,4-MCP随着进水浓度变化去除率在30%～80%波动.     

γ辐照降解水溶液中氯酚的研究

研究了水溶液中氯酚(2-氯酚、3-氯酚、4-氯酚、2,4-二氯酚)的γ辐照降解.通过测定辐照前后氯酚、氯离子浓度以及TOC的变化,考察了不同氯酚、不同初始浓度,以及联合O3、H2O2对辐解效果的影响.结果表明,γ辐照可有效降解水溶液中的氯酚,降解过程符合准一级动力学方程;初始浓度为100mag·L-1,辐照剂量为8kGy时,2-CP、3-CP、4-CP、2,4-DCP的去除率分别为68.0%、97.5%、89.7%和100%,相应的脱氯率分别为60.2%、71.1%、64.3%、78.9%;辐照联合O3或H2O2可有效提高辐照降解氯酚的去除和矿化效率,具有明显"协同效应".     

镉与S-异丙甲草胺对斜生栅藻的联合毒性作用

采用毒性标准实验方法研究了Cd2+与S-异丙甲草胺单独及联合作用对斜生栅藻急性毒性、总可溶性蛋白含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和细胞膜通透性的影响.结果表明Cd2+与S-异丙甲草胺单独作用时EC50均随时间的延长而减小,且S-异丙甲草胺的急性毒性大于Cd2+;Cd2+、S-异丙甲草胺的EC50-24h分别为0.27 mg·L-1、0.24 mg·L-1,EC50-96h分别为0.16mg·L-1、0.13 mg·L-1.Cd2+与S-异丙甲草胺联合作用时低浓度表现为协同作用,高浓度表现为拮抗作用.暴露96 h后,Cd2+与S-异丙甲草胺单独及联合作用下,随有毒物质浓度升高,斜生栅藻总可溶性蛋白含量降低,SOD酶活性先激活后抑制,细胞膜通透性逐渐增大.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.