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1.
Background, aim, and scope Dye pollutants are a major class of environmental contaminants. Over 100,000 dyes have been synthesized worldwide and more
than 700,000 tons are produced annually and over 5% are discharged into aquatic environments. The adsorption or sorption is
one of the most efficient methods to remove dye and heavy metal pollutants from wastewater. However, most of the present sorbents
often bear some disadvantages, e.g. low sorption capacity, difficult separation of spoil, complex reproduction, or secondary
pollution. Development of novel sorbents that can overcome these limitations is desirable.
Materials and methods On the basis of the chemical coprecipitation of calcium oxalate (CaC 2O 4), bromopyrogallol red (BPR) was embedded during the growing of CaC 2O 4 particles. The ternary C 2O 4
2––BPR–Ca 2+ sorbent was yielded by the centrifugation. Its composition was determined by spectrophotometry and AAS, and its structure
and morphology were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), laser particle-size analysis, and scanning electron microscopy
(SEM). The adsorption of ethyl violet (EV) and heavy metals, e.g. Cu(II), Cd(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), and Pb(II) were carried
out and their removal rate determined by spectrophotometry and ICP-OES. The adsorption performance of the sorbent was compared
with powder activated carbon. The Langmuir isothermal model was applied to fit the embedment of BPR and adsorption of EV.
Results The saturation number of BPR binding to CaC 2O 4 reached 0.0105 mol/mol and the adsorption constant of the complex was 4.70 × 10 5 M –1. Over 80% of the sorbent particles are between 0.7 and 1.02 μm, formed by the aggregation of the global CaC 2O 4/BPR inclusion grains of 30–50 nm size. Such a material was found to adsorb cationic dyes selectively and sensitively. Ethyl
violet (EV) was used to investigate the adsorption mechanism of the material. One BPR molecule may just bind with one EV molecule.
The CaC 2O 4/BPR inclusion material adsorbed EV over two times more efficiently than the activated carbon. The adsorption of EV on the
CaC 2O 4/BPR inclusion sorbent was complete in only 5 min and the sedimentation complete in 1 h. However, those of EV onto activated
carbon took more than 1.5 and 5 h, respectively. The treatment of methylene blue and malachite green dye wastewaters indicated
that only 0.4% of the sorbent adsorbed over 80% of color substances. Besides, the material can also adsorb heavy metals by
complexation with BPR. Over 90% of Pb 2+, and approximately 50% of Cd 2+ and Cu 2+, were removed in a high Zn 2+-electroplating wastewater when 3% of the material was added. Eighty-six percent of Cu 2+, and 60% of Ni 2+ and Cd 2+, were removed in a high Cd 2+-electroplating wastewater.
Discussion The embedment of BPR into CaC 2O 4 particles responded to the Langmuir isothermal adsorption. As the affinity ligand of Ca 2+, BPR with sulfonic groups may be adsorbed into the temporary electric double layer during the growing of CaC 2O 4 particles. Immediately, C 2O 4
2– captured the Ca 2+ to form the CaC 2O 4 outer enclosed sphere. Thus, BPR may be released and embedded as a sandwich between CaC 2O 4 layers. The adsorption of EV on the sorbent obeyed the Langmuir isothermal equation and adsorption is mainly due to the ion-pair
attraction between EV and BPR. Different from the inclusion sorbent, the activated carbon depended on the specific surface
area to adsorb organic substances. Therefore, the adsorption capacity, equilibrium, and sedimentation time of the sorbent
are much better than activated carbon. The interaction of heavy metals with the inclusion sorbent responded to their coordination.
Conclusions By characterizing the C 2O 4
2––BPR–Ca 2+ inclusion material using various modern instruments, the ternary in situ embedment particle, [(CaC 2O 4) 95(BPR)]
n
2n–, an electronegative, micron-sized adsorbent was synthesized. It is selective, rapid, and highly effective for adsorbing cationic
dyes and heavy metals. Moreover, the adsorption is hardly subject to the impact of electrolytes.
Recommendations and perspectives The present work provides a simple and valuable method for preparing the highly effective adsorbent. If a concentrated BPR
wastewater was reused as the inclusion reactant, the sorbent will be low cost. By selecting the inclusion ligand with a special
structure, we may prepare some particular functional materials to recover the valuable substances from seriously polluted
wastewaters. The recommended method will play a significant role in development of advanced adsorption materials.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
2.
Atmospheric deposition is an important removal process of aerosol particles and gases from the atmosphere. To elucidate the relative contributions of wet and dry processes and in-cloud and below-cloud scavenging based on deposition amounts in winter at Mt. Tateyama, central Japan, we obtained daily samples (December, 2006–March, 2007) of size-segregated aerosol particles and precipitation at Senjyugahara (SJ; 475 m a.s.l.) and vertical samples of spring snow cover at Murododaira (MR, 2450 m a.s.l., 13 km distance from SJ) on the western flank of Mt. Tateyama. The NH 4+ and nssSO 42? in aerosols were mostly found in the fine fraction (<2 μm), although Na +, NO 3?, and nssCa 2+ were mainly detected in the coarse fraction (>2 μm). Average ionic concentrations (μg g ?1) in precipitation at SJ were higher about 3.8 for Na + and nssCa 2+, 3.4 for NO 3?, 3.7 for NH 4+, 2.5 for nssSO 42? than those at MR, whereas cumulative precipitation amounts at SJ and MR were, respectively, 84 and 175 cm of water equivalent. Wet and dry deposition amounts during the study period were estimated for sites using size-segregated aerosol data, winter averages of HNO 3, NH 3, and SO 2 concentrations, and dry deposition velocities. Particle-dry deposition comprised about 3% (Na +) to 11% (NH 4+) of the total deposition at MR. The maximum amounts of gas dry deposition were estimated, respectively, as 4, 13, and 3% of the total deposition at MR for NH 4+, NO 3?, and nssSO 42?. The relative contributions of below-cloud scavenging (BCS) between MR and SJ were estimated as considering the wet only deposition amount at MR. Higher contributions of BCS were obtained for Na + (56%) and nssCa 2+ (45%), whereas BCSs for NH 4+, NO 3?, and nssSO 42? were lower than 28%. Ionic constituents existing predominantly in the coarse fraction showed a large contribution of BCS. 相似文献
3.
Background, aim, and scope In literature, the environmental applications of green rust (GR) have mainly been pointed out through the reduction of inorganic
contaminants and the reductive dechlorination of chlorinated organics. However, reactions involving GR for the oxidation and
mineralization of organic pollutants remain very scantly described. In this study, the ability of three synthetic Fe(II)–Fe(III)
green rusts, GR(CO 32−), GR(SO 42−), and GR(Cl −), to promote Fenton-like reaction was examined by employing phenol as a model pollutant. Unlike the traditional Fenton’s
reagent (dissolved Fe(II) + H 2O 2), where the pH values have to be lowered to less than 4, the proposed reaction can effectively oxidize the organic molecules
at neutral pH and could avoid the initial acidification which may be costly and destructive for the in situ remediation of
contaminated groundwater and soils. The green rust reactivity towards the oxidative transformation of phenol was thoroughly
evaluated by performing a large kinetic study, chemical analyses, and spectroscopic investigations. 相似文献
4.
Ambient aerosol samples, collected from Mangalore region in the southwest coast of India during the period of late winter (February and March) to early summer (April and May), have been analysed for water-soluble ionic species. Their abundance pattern is dominated by HCO 3−, SO 42−, Na +, Cl −, with minor contribution from NO 3−, Ca 2+, NH 4+, K + and Mg 2+ indicating the contribution from not only sea salt, but also from anthropogenic and dust sources; with pronounced seasonal variability. The suspended particulate matter concentration varied from 35 to 160 μg m −3, with consistently higher values during the late winter. Back trajectory analysis suggests the origin of the air masses shifting from Indo-Gangetic Plains (during late winter) to those from the Arabian Sea and the area around Persian Gulf during April–May. Air masses passing over Northern India (Indo-Gangetic Plains) impart characteristic contribution of ionic species from fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning and eolian dust as asserted by the factor analysis. A detailed study on characterisation of aerosols from south Asian region is rather sparse but essential for modelling the effect of tropospheric aerosols on climate. 相似文献
5.
Background, aim, and scope Acrylate and methacrylate esters are α,β-unsaturated esters that contain vinyl groups directly attached to the carbonyl carbon
(CH 2=CHCOO– and CH 2=CCH 3COO–, respectively) and are widely used in the polymer plastic and resin production. Rate coefficients for Cl reactions for
most of the unsaturated esters have not been previously determined, and a good understanding is needed of all the atmospheric
oxidation processes of these compounds in order to determine lifetimes in the atmosphere and to evaluate the impact of these
reactions on the formation of photo-oxidants and therefore on health and environment. 相似文献
6.
Background, aim, and scope The adverse environmental impacts of chlorinated hydrocarbons on the Earth’s ozone layer have focused attention on the effort
to replace these compounds by nonchlorinated substitutes with environmental acceptability. Hydrofluoroethers (HFEs) and fluorinated
alcohols are currently being introduced in many applications for this purpose. Nevertheless, the presence of a great number
of C–F bonds drives to atmospheric long-lived compounds with infrared absorption features. Thus, it is necessary to improve
our knowledge about lifetimes and global warming potentials (GWP) for these compounds in order to get a complete evaluation
of their environmental impact. Tropospheric degradation is expected to be initiated mainly by OH reactions in the gas phase.
Nevertheless, Cl atoms reaction may also be important since rate constants are generally larger than those of OH. In the present
work, we report the results obtained in the study of the reactions of Cl radicals with HFE-7000 (CF 3CF 2CF 2OCH 3) (1) and its isomer CF 3CF 2CF 2CH 2OH (2).
Materials and methods Kinetic rate coefficients with Cl atoms have been measured using the discharge flow tube–mass spectrometric technique at 1 Torr
of total pressure. The reactions of these chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) substitutes have been studied under pseudo-first-order
kinetic conditions in excess of the fluorinated compounds over Cl atoms. The temperature ranges were 266–333 and 298–353 K
for reactions of HFE-7000 and CF 3CF 2CF 2CH 2OH, respectively.
Results The measured room temperature rate constants were k(Cl+CF 3CF 2CF 2OCH 3) = (1.24 ± 0.28) × 10 −13 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1and k(Cl+CF 3CF 2CF 2CH 2OH) = (8.35 ± 1.63) × 10 −13 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 (errors are 2 σ + 10% to cover systematic errors). The Arrhenius expression for reaction 1 was k
1(266–333 K) = (6.1 ± 3.8) × 10 −13exp[−(445 ± 186)/ T] cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 and k
2(298–353 K) = (1.9 ± 0.7) × 10 −12exp[−(244 ± 125)/ T] cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 (errors are 2 σ). The reactions are reported to proceed through the abstraction of an H atom to form HCl and the corresponding halo-alkyl
radical. At 298 K and 1 Torr, yields on HCl of 0.95 ± 0.38 and 0.97 ± 0.16 (errors are 2 σ) were obtained for CF 3CF 2CF 2OCH 3 and CF 3CF 2CF 2CH 2OH, respectively.
Discussion The obtained kinetic rate constants are related to the previous data in the literature, showing a good agreement taking into
account the error limits. Comparing the obtained results at room temperature, k
1 and k
2, HFE-7000 is significantly less reactive than its isomer C 3F 7CH 2OH. A similar behavior has been reported for the reactions of other fluorinated alcohols and their isomeric fluorinated ethers
with Cl atoms. Literature data, together with the results reported in this work, show that, for both fluorinated ethers and
alcohols, the kinetic rate constant may be considered as not dependent on the number of –CF 2– in the perfluorinated chain. This result may be useful since it is possible to obtain the required physicochemical properties
for a given application by changing the number of –CF 2– without changes in the atmospheric reactivity. Furthermore, lifetimes estimations for these CFCs substitutes are calculated
and discussed. The average estimated Cl lifetimes are 256 and 38 years for HFE-7000 and C 3H 7CH 2OH, respectively.
Conclusions The studied CFCs’ substitutes are relatively short-lived and OH reaction constitutes their main reactive sink. The average
contribution of Cl reactions to global lifetime is about 2% in both cases. Nevertheless, under local conditions as in the
marine boundary layer, τ
Cl values as low as 2.5 and 0.4 years for HFE-7000 and C 3H 7CH 2OH, respectively, are expected, showing that the contribution of Cl to the atmospheric degradation of these CFCs substitutes
under such conditions may constitute a relevant sink. In the case of CF 3CF 2CF 2OCH 3, significant activation energy has been measured, thus the use of kinetic rate coefficient only at room temperature would
result in underestimations of lifetimes and GWPs.
Recommendations and perspectives The results obtained in this work may be helpful within the database used in the modeling studies of coastal areas. The knowledge
of the atmospheric behavior and the structure–reactivity relationship discussed in this work may also contribute to the development
of new environmentally acceptable chemicals. New volatile materials susceptible of emission to the troposphere should be subject
to the study of their reactions with OH and Cl in the range of temperature of the troposphere. The knowledge of the temperature
dependence of the kinetic rate constants, as it is now reported for the case of reactions 1 and 2, will allow more accurate
lifetimes and related magnitudes like GWPs. Nevertheless, a better knowledge of the vertical Cl tropospheric distribution
is still required. 相似文献
7.
Monthly and annual means of main anions (SO 42−, NO 3−, Cl −) and summed base cations (Ca 2+, Mg 2+, K +, Na +) in bulk precipitation were studied at 10 stations during an 8-year monitoring period. The data showed statistically significant decreasing trends in most cases. Average declines of mean annual volume-weighted concentrations for both anions and cations were about two-fold. Despite the decrease, the loads of S and cations are still relatively high in Estonia (about 4–14 kg S ha −1 and 0.6–1.2 keq ha −1, respectively) compared with the loads in Finland and Sweden. Estimated linear decline trends followed the same pattern as annually combusted oil shale from Estonian power plants and emissions of SO 2 and fly ash. Recent trends in chemical composition of bulk precipitation at the monitoring stations reflected economic changes in Estonia as well as transboundary fluxes from neighbouring countries. 相似文献
8.
The annular denuder system (ADS) was used to characterize seasonal variations of acidic air pollutants in Seoul, South Korea. Fifty- four 24 h samples were collected over four seasons from October 1996 to September 1997. The annual mean concentrations of HNO 3, HNO 2, SO 2 and NH 3 in the gas phase were 1.09, 4.51, 17.3 and 4.34 μg m -3, respectively. The annual mean concentrations of PM 2.5( dp≤2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter, 50% cutoff), SO 2-4, NO -3 and NH +4 in the particulate phase were 56.9, 8.70, 5.97 and 4.19 μg m -3, respectively. All chemical species monitored from this study showed statistical seasonal variations. Nitric acid (HNO 3) and ammonia (NH 3) exhibited substantially higher concentrations during the summer, while nitrous acid (HNO 2) and sulfur dioxide(SO 2) were higher during the winter. Concentrations of PM 2.5, SO 2-4, NO -3 and NH +4 in the particulate phase were higher during the winter months. SO 2-4, NO -3 and NH +4 accounted for 26–38% of PM 2.5. High correlations were found among PM 2.5, SO 2-4, NO -3 and NH +4. The mean H + concentration measured only in the fall was 5.19 nmole m -3. 相似文献
9.
Background PM 10 aerosol samples were simultaneously collected at two urban and one urban background sites in Fuzhou city during two sampling campaigns in summer and winter. PM 10 mass concentrations and chemical compositions were determined. Methods Water-soluble inorganic ions (Cl ?, NO 3 ? , SO 4 2? , NH 4 + , K +, Na +, Ca 2+, and Mg 2+), carbonaceous species (elemental carbon and organic carbon), and elements (Al, Si, Mg, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, and Pb) were detected using ion chromatography, thermal/optical reflectance, and proton-induced X-ray emission methods, respectively. Results PM 10 mass concentrations, as well as most of the chemical components, were significantly increased from urban background to urban sites, which were due to enhanced anthropogenic activities in urban areas. Elements, carbonaceous species, and most of the ions were more uniformly distributed at different types of sites in winter, whereas secondary ion SO 4 2? , NO 3 ? , and NH 4 + showed more evident urban-background contrast in this season. The chemical mass closure indicated that mineral dust, organic matters, and sulfate were the most abundant components in PM 10. The sum of individually measured components accounted for 86.9?C97.7% of the total measured PM 10 concentration, and the discrepancy was larger in urban area than in urban background area. Conclusion According to the principal component analysis?Cmultivariate linear regression model, mineral dust, secondary inorganic ions, sea salt, and motor vehicle were mainly responsible for the PM 10 particles in Fuzhou atmosphere, and contributed 19.9%, 53.3%, 21.3%, and 5.5% of PM 10, respectively. 相似文献
10.
Chemical surveys of snow were carried out in the upper reaches of the Kunnes River, a tributary of the Yili River in East Tienshan Mountains, China. Some surprisingly high values of sodium and potassium (K ++Na +) ranging from 4.44 to 8.99 mg/l compared with other data from neighboring areas are detected. Moreover, some relative high values of SO 42− with mean concentration 15.8 mg/l for new snow and 14.40 mg/l for deposited snow, ranging from 10.43 to 23.71 mg/l are also found. Therefore, it is inferred that the sodium and potassium (K ++Na +) are in the forms of sulfate and that the sources of the sulfate are deserts and some dried lakes in Central Asia. It is also found that there is obviously spatial variation of ions such as K ++Na +, Ca 2+, SO 42− and HCO 3−. The concentrations of K ++Na + and SO 42−, and that of Ca 2+ and HCO 3− have similar spatial pattern. The temporal pattern of ion concentration of new snow is considered to be mainly controlled by the depth and area of snow cover in the study area and in the areas to the west. 相似文献
11.
One-year quantitative chemical data set consisting of water-soluble constituents (NH 4+, Na +, K +, Mg 2+, Ca 2+, Cl ?, NO 3?, SO 42? and HCO 3?), crustal and trace elements (Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, K, Mn, Zn, Pb) and carbonaceous species (OC, EC) in ambient aerosols, collected over an urban site located in a high-dust semi-arid region of western India, reveals excellent linear relationship ( r2 = 0.92; slope = 0.96 ± 0.05) between gravimetrically assessed TSP (total suspended particulates) and chemically analyzed aerosol mass. The TSP abundance ranging from 60 to 250 μg m ?3, over a period of 12 months (January–December), is dominated by mineral dust (~70%); whereas contribution from sea-salts, anthropogenic and carbonaceous species exhibits significant temporal variability depending upon the wind regimes. The mineral dust is enriched in Ca, Mg and Fe with respect to upper continental crust (UCC); whereas Zn and Pb exhibit a characteristic anthropogenic source and high enrichment factors. The carbonaceous species show significant seasonality; with dominance of OC (range: 4.6–28 μg m ?3; average: 12.8 μg m ?3; SD: 6.8) and minor contribution from EC (range: 0.3–4.4 μg m ?3; average: 2.4 μg m ?3; SD: 1.4). The observed concentrations are significantly lower than those reported for the metro cities in South Asia but the OC/EC ratios (range: 4.3–35; average: 8.3; SD: 5.7) are significantly higher than the characteristic ratio (~2–4) reported for the urban atmosphere. Such quantitative chemical characterization of aerosols is essential in assessing their role in atmospheric chemistry and climate change. This study could also be useful in understanding the physical and optical aerosol properties documented from the same site and thus, in validating regional climate models. 相似文献
12.
Besides well-known episodic Kosa during spring, high concentrations of Ca 2+ in aerosols were observed early in summer as well as in the semi-continuous data of the aerosols at the summit of Mt. Fuji. We further analysed the data to study the chemical characteristics of the high calcium event during early summer. The back trajectory analyses of the event indicated that Ca was transported from arid and semi-arid regions (e.g. the Taklamakan desert) through the westerly-dominated troposphere higher than the height of the summit of Fuji. The amount of SO 42? was always equivalent to that of NH 4+ unlike the case of the normal Kosa period where SO 42? is in excess with respect to NH 4+. This shows the ‘after’ mixing of unreacted CaCO 3 of Kosa origin with (NH 4) 2SO 4, which was only realized by the downward injection of Kosa particles from higher altitudes to the air masses of different origin. In the case of normal Kosa, the air bearing Kosa particles passed through the polluted area to absorb unneutralized acids (‘on-the-way’ mixing), whereas in the case of the Kosa-like phenomena in summer, the acids from the polluted area have been neutralized by NH 4+ and become inactive before mixing with CaCO 3 (“after” mixing). We have simplified the chemistry of aerosols using their three major components, Ca 2+, SO 42? and NH 4+, and introduced a new triangle diagram with the three assumed end-members of CaCO 3, CaSO 4 and (NH 4) 2SO 4 to quantify the contribution of the ‘after’ mixing to the aerosols (AMI; ‘after’ mixing index). Based on the back trajectories of some high AMI cases, CaCO 3 in Kosa particles was transported through the middle troposphere (5000–7000 m) and descended to meet another air mass where SO 42? had been already neutralized by NH 3. 相似文献
13.
Size-classified ice crystal samples were collected during the Spring of 1998, at the Jungfraujoch High-Alpine Research Station (3454 m), located in Switzerland. A procedure modified from the Guttalgor method, originally developed for size-selective sampling of raindrops by Bächmann et al. (Atmos. Environ. 26A (1992) 1795) was used to sample ice crystals during precipitation events. The size-classified ice crystal samples were analyzed using ion chromatography to determine the concentrations of Na +, NH 4+, K +, Ca 2+, Mg 2+, Cl −, NO 3−, and SO 42− in each size class. For ions associated with coarse mode aerosol, Na +, K +, Ca 2+, Mg 2+, and Cl −, concentration increased with decreasing ice crystal size, suggesting scavenging by nucleation. For the remaining ions, mixed behavior was observed suggesting a combination of gas phase scavenging and scavenging via riming. 相似文献
14.
Throughfall and bulk precipitation chemistry were studied for five years (June 1994–May 1999) at two high elevation forest sites (Val Gerola and Val Masino) which were known to differ in terms of tree health, as assessed by live crown condition. The ion concentration of bulk precipitation samples did not differ significantly between sites, except for Mg 2+, while the throughfall concentrations differed in the measured values of H +, N-NO 3−, Cl −, Na +, K +, DOC and weak organic acids. The results of the application of the canopy exchange model indicated a higher contribution from the dry deposition of N-NO 3−, N-NH 4+ and H + at Val Gerola, where the damage symptoms were more evident. In addition, the canopy leaching of Ca 2+, K + and weak organic acids were 47%, 21% and 27% higher at Val Gerola than at Val Masino. Annual SO 42− deposition fluxes (21.3 kg ha −1 yr −1 at Val Masino and 23.6 kg ha −1 yr −1 at Val Gerola) were similar to those reported for moderately polluted European and U.S. sites. Annual N loads were 13.6 and 13.1 kg ha −1 yr −1 in the bulk input, and 15.0 and 18.0 kg ha −1 yr −1 in throughfall inputs, at Val Masino and Val Gerola, respectively. The contribution of the organic fraction to the total N atmospheric deposition load is significant, constituting 17% of the bulk flux and 40% of the throughfall flux. Measured nitrogen loads exceed the critical nutrient loads by several kg N ha −1 at both stations. In particular the nitrogen throughfall load at Val Gerola was about 3 times higher than the critical values. 相似文献
15.
Strontium isotope ratios and concentrations of Ca 2+, NH 4+, Na +, K +, Mg 2+, Cl ?, SO 42?, NO 3? and Al 3+, Sr 2+ were measured for 52 rainwater samples collected in virgin forest in a rural region between May 2007 and Dec. 2008. The rainwater pH values vary from 4.1 to 7.2 with a volume weight mean (VWM) value of 5.40. 40 of 52 samples have pH value above 5.0, indicating that the regional rainwater was not acidic. Among anions and cations, sulphate concentration (40.4 μeq l ?1, VWM) is the highest in the rainwater, followed by ammonium and calcium (30.2 and 20.8 μeq l ?1, VWM). Rainwater quality is characterized by low salinity and neutralized pH.The chemical compositions and 87Sr/ 86Sr ratios of the rainwater samples vary considerably. Using Na + concentration as an indicator of marine origin, the proportions of sea salt and crustal elements were estimated from elemental ratios. The 87Sr/ 86Sr ratios were used to characterize different sources base on the data sets of this study and those from literatures. Such sources include weathering of limestone ( 87Sr/ 86Sr = 0.7075), remote soil dust ( 87Sr/ 86Sr > 0.7135) and anthropogenic source (fertilizers: 87Sr/ 86Sr = 0.7079). The results of the present study suggest that one likely source for high ammonium and calcium concentration is local soil. Due to a large contribution of these cations to the sulphate neutralization action, the rainwater in this region displays non-acidity, and thus has not significant environmental impact. The wet precipitation in the karst virgin forest in Guizhou province is strongly influenced by natural sources rather than anthropogenic sources. 相似文献
16.
Background Cuttings and seedlings of Jatropha curcas L. were exposed to different regimes of lead (Pb) stress as Pb(NO 3) 2 at 0 (CK), 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 mM kg −1 soil. 相似文献
17.
The Nandong Underground River System (NURS) is located in a typical karst agriculture dominated area in the southeast Yunnan Province, China. Groundwater plays an important role for social and economical development in the area. However, with the rapid increase in population and expansion of farm land, groundwater quality has degraded. 42 groundwater samples collected from springs in the NURS showed great variation of chemical compositions across the study basin. With increased anthropogenic contamination in the area, the groundwater chemistry has changed from the typical Ca–HCO 3 or Ca (Mg)–HCO 3 type in karst groundwater to the Ca–Cl (+ NO 3) or Ca (Mg)–Cl (+ NO 3), and Ca–Cl (+ NO 3 + SO 4) or Ca (Mg)–Cl (+ NO 3 + SO 4) type, indicating increases in NO 3−, Cl − and SO 42− concentrations that were caused most likely by human activities in the region. This study implemented the R-mode factor analysis to investigate the chemical characteristics of groundwater and to distinguish the natural and anthropogenic processes affecting groundwater quality in the system. The R-mode factor analysis together with geology and land uses revealed that: (a) contamination from human activities such as sewage effluents and agricultural fertilizers; (b) water–rock interaction in the limestone-dominated system; and (c) water–rock interaction in the dolomite-dominated system were the three major factors contributing to groundwater quality. Natural dissolution of carbonate rock (water–rock interaction) was the primary source of Ca 2+ and HCO 3− in groundwater, water–rock interaction in dolomite-dominated system resulted in higher Mg 2+ in the groundwater, and human activities were likely others sources. Sewage effluents and fertilizers could be the main contributor of Cl −, NO 3−, SO 42−, Na + and K + to the groundwater system in the area. This study suggested that both natural and anthropogenic processes contributed to chemical composition of groundwater in the NURS, human activities played the most important role, however. 相似文献
18.
This study investigates ammonium, nitrate, and sulfate (NH 4+, NO 3?, and SO 42?) in size-resolved particles (particularly nano (PM 0.01–0.056)/ultrafine (PM 0.01–0.1)) and NO x/SO 2 collected near a busy road and at a rural site. The average (mass) cumulative fraction of secondary inorganic aerosols (SO 42?+NO 3?+NH 4+) in nano or ultrafine particles at the roadside was found to be three to four times that at the rural site. The above three secondary inorganic aerosol species were present in similar cumulative fractions in particles of size 1–18 μm at both sites; however, dissimilar fractions were observed for Cl ?, Na +, and K +. The nitrogen ratios (NRs: NR = NO 3??N/(NO 3??N + NO 2–N)), sulfur ratios (SRs: SR = SO 42??S/(SO 42??S + SO 2–S)), dNR/D P (derivative of NR with respect to D P (particle diameter)), and dSR/D P (derivative of SR with respect to D P) at the roadside were higher than those at the rural site for nano/ultrafine particles. At both sites (particularly the roadside), the nanoparticles had significantly higher dNR/D P and dSR/D P values than differently sized particles, implying that NO 3?/SO 42? (from NO 2/SO 2 transformation or NO 3?/SO 42? deposition) were present on these particles. 相似文献
19.
A two-component material (Fe3O4@CaSiO3) with an Fe3O4 magnetite core and layered porous CaSiO3 shell from calcium nitrate and sodium silicate was synthesized by precipitation. The structure, morphology, magnetic properties, and composition of the Fe3O4@CaSiO3 composite were characterized in detail, and its adsorption performance, adsorption kinetics, and recyclability for Cu2+, Ni2+, and Cr3+ adsorption were studied. The Fe3O4@CaSiO3 composite has a 2D core–layer architecture with a cotton-like morphology, specific surface area of 41.56 m2/g, pore size of 16 nm, and pore volume of 0.25 cm3/g. The measured magnetization saturation values of the magnetic composite were 57.1 emu/g. Data of the adsorption of Cu2+, Ni2+, and Cr3+ by Fe3O4@CaSiO3 fitted the Redlich–Peterson and pseudo-second-order models well, and all adsorption processes reached equilibrium within 150 min. The maximum adsorption capacities of Fe3O4@CaSiO3 toward Cu2+, Ni2+, and Cr3+ were 427.10, 391.59, and 371.39 mg/g at an initial concentration of 225 mg/L and a temperature of 293 K according to the fitted curve with the Redlich–Peterson model, respectively. All adsorption were spontaneous endothermic processes featuring an entropy increase, including physisorption, chemisorption, and ion exchange; among these process, chemisorption was the primary mechanism. Fe3O4@CaSiO3 exhibited excellent adsorption, regeneration, and magnetic separation performance, thereby demonstrating its potential applicability to removing heavy metal ions. 相似文献
20.
Chemical characterization to determine the organic and nitrogen fractions was performed on cloud water samples collected in a mountaintop site in Puerto Rico. Cloud water samples showed average concentrations of 1.09 mg L ?1 of total organic carbon (TOC), of 0.85 mg L ?1 for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and of and 1.25 mg L ?1 for total nitrogen (TN). Concentrations of organic nitrogen (ON) changed with the origin of the air mass. Changes in their concentrations were observed during periods under the influence of African dust (AD). The ON/TN ratios were 0.26 for the clean and 0.35 for the AD periods. Average concentrations of all these species were similar to those found in remote environments with no anthropogenic contribution. In the AD period, for cloud water the concentrations of TOC were 4 times higher and TN were 3 times higher than during periods of clean air masses associated with the trade winds. These results suggest that a significant fraction of TOC and TN in cloud and rainwater is associated to airborne particulate matter present in dust. Functional groups were identified using proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1H NMR) spectroscopy. This characterization led to the conclusion that water-soluble organic compounds in these samples are mainly aliphatic oxygenated compounds, with a small amount of aromatics. The ion chromatography results showed that the ionic species were predominantly of marine origin, for air masses with and without African dust influence, with cloud water concentrations of NO 3? and NH 4+ much lower than from polluted areas in the US. An increase of such species as SO 42?, Cl ?, Mg 2+, K + and Ca 2+ was seen when air masses originated from northwest Africa. The changes in the chemical composition and physical properties of clouds associated with these different types of aerosol particles could affect on cloud formation and processes. 相似文献
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