四川省中小企业技术创新体系现状、问题与对策

通过四川省中小企业技术创新体系中企业主体、服务主体与国内外的对比分析,研究了该省中小企业技术创新体系的现状和问题,提出了发展思路与对策。     

我国科技型中小企业技术创新基金的发展

总结了国内外有关科技型中小企业技术创新基金的相关理论研究,在此基础上通过分析了我国创新基金的产生、特征,指出了创新基金发展过程中所做出的经济贡献和存在的问题,提出了相关的政策建议。     

美国雾霾防治技术创新政策经验借鉴及启示

系统梳理了我国雾霾防治技术创新体系存在的问题——财政投入不足、人才激励力度不够、市场化程度不高、法律法规不完善、协同机制欠缺。整理归纳出美国雾霾防治技术创新政策的五大经验,分别为财政资金的大力支持、健全的人才激励机制、完善的大气污染防治技术创新市场、完备的技术创新法律体系,并形成了"官、产、学、军"联动机制。结合我国的实际情况,提出了优化我国雾霾防治技术创新政策的五点启示,即:加大雾霾防治公共财政资金的投入,建立雾霾防治技术创新人才激励的长效机制,加快雾霾防治技术研发的市场化建设,完善雾霾防治技术创新法律体系,构建"官、产、学、军"四位一体的联动机制。     

2000年度科技型中小企业技术创新基金环保重点项目指南

科技型中小企业技术创新基金作为中央政府的专项基金,将按照市场经济的客观规律进行运作,遵循诚实申请、公正受理、科学审理、择优支持、公开透明、专款专用的原则。面向各种所有制类型的科技型中小企业,并有效地吸引地方政府、企业、风险投资机构和金融机构对科技型中小企业进行投资,逐步推动建立起符合市场经济客观规律的高新技术产业化投资机制,从而进一步优化科技投资资源,营造有利于科技型中小企业创新和发展的良好环境。 　　根据国务院办公厅颁发的《科技部、财政部关于科技型中小企业技术创新基金的暂行规定》,科技部按照国…     

南京市低碳发展战略路径选择与对策分析

南京市的产业特点决定了其对低碳发展的战略选择。依托生态为基础的城市发展方针,建议南京市着力推进低碳产业链、新能源集聚区、低碳技术创新、低碳经济载体、低碳城市建设五大工程体系,并提出了政府主导、技术支撑、市场引导、制度创新等方面的对策建议。     

深化体制改革建立环境科技创新体系

贯彻全国技术创新大会精神和《中共中央、国务院关于加强技术创新,实现产业化的决定》,环保系统当前的首要任务就是要通过深化改革,建立环境科技创新体系,并亟待解决三个主要方面的问题。 一、要充分认识科技体制改革的必要性和紧迫性 深化科技体制改革,加速科学技术创新步伐,是党中央、国务院的重要部署,是社会主义市场经济发展的必然要求。去年党中央和国务院发布了《关于加强技术创新,发展高科技,实现产业化的决定》,并召开了全国技术创新大会,目的就是要解决科学技术与经济发展的结合问题。要通过加强技术创新,推动社会生产…     

环境规制下区域创新环境对工业企业技术创新效率的影响研究

在考虑环境污染和能源消耗的基础上,运用包含非期望产出的SBM-DEA模型测算了安徽省工业企业技术创新效率;运用Tobit方法,从区域创新环境角度研究了工业企业技术创新效率的影响因素。研究表明:考虑环境规制的安徽省工业企业技术创新效率有较大的提升空间;区域创新环境中制度环境、高新技术产业溢出和环境规制强度对环境规制下工业企业技术创新效率具有显著的提升作用,FDI溢出、产学研合作溢出对其影响是负面的,经济发展水平、金融支持环境、政府对工业企业创新的直接支出、政府对工业企业创新的税收减免、人力资本存量、科技创新人才强度对其无显著影响。     

营造技术创新氛围，发挥民营资本优势

与资源型的传统能源不同,新能源更多地与新技术的研发和应用相关。长期以来我们国家在技术研发与创新方面比较薄弱．这一方面在于研发体系还不健全．另一方面与缺少产生大企业家的社会文化环境有关。民营投资很灵活．与市场的结合很广泛、紧密,在技术创新方面有着自身优势。政府要通过政策导向来营造良好的技术创新的文化环境．尤其对于人才,要慧眼识珠,给他们平台去施展。     

创新基金推动中小环保企业的快速发展

概述了自1999-2009年以来,我国第一个用于支持科技型中小企业技术创新的政府专项基金—科技型中小企业技术创新基金,对中小环保企业快速发展的支持和促进作用;提出环保企业应充分利用技术创新基金,推动环保产业更快发展。     

促进环保产业园创新创业发展政策调查分析——以国家环境服务业华南集聚区为例

文章从科技人才政策、技术创新与产业化政策、财税优惠政策、规范引导政策以及配套服务政策等5个方面梳理了2011年以来国家环境服务业华南集聚区环保产业促进政策文本,构建了环保产业促进政策评估体系,并在集聚区开展了问卷调查。调查结果显示,发挥作用较强的政策重点支持产业创新创业的种子期、产业化阶段以及初创期,其中,人才引进政策、技术研发项目支持政策、示范工程建设支持政策和财政资金支持政策发挥了重要的作用,而对于促进企业做大做强的政策作用相对较弱。     

Nitrogen and carbon leaching in agroecosystems and their role in denitrification potential

The drainage of water and leaching of dissolved constituents represent major components of agroecosystem mass budgets that have been exceedingly difficult to measure. Equilibrium-tension lysimeters (ETLs) were used to monitor drainage, nitrogen (N), and carbon (C) leaching through Plano silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Argiudoll) for a 4-yr period in a restored prairie and N-fertilized no-tillage and chisel-plowed maize (Zea mays L.) agroecosystems. Mean drainage recorded during 4 yr for the prairie, no-tillage, and chisel-plowed ecosystems totaled 461, 1,116, and 1,575 mm and represented 16, 33, and 47% of precipitation plus melting of drifted snow received, respectively. Total inorganic N leaching losses during the 4-yr period for the prairie, no-tillage, and chisel-plowed ecosystems were 0.6, 201, and 179 kg N ha(-1), respectively. Inorganic N leaching represented 26 and 24% of applied fertilizer N additions to the no-tillage and chisel-plowed agroecosystems. Total dissolved C leaching losses were 119, 435, and 502 kg C ha(-1) for the prairie, no-tillage, and chisel-plowed ecosystems, respectively. Sufficient dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrate N (NO3- -N) existed in the prairie and agroecosystems to support subsoil denitrification. Potential denitrification, however, was limited by insufficient lengths of saturated soil conditions in all three ecosystems, the supply of DOC in the agroecosystems, and the supply of nitrate N in the prairie. Based on available DOC and nitrate N, the maximum contribution of denitrification below the root zone in the agroecosystems was less than 25% of the total amount of leached nitrate N and the probable contribution of denitrification was much less.     

Smart and eco-cities in India and China

ABSTRACT

Smart and eco-cities have become important notions for thinking about urban futures. This article contributes to these ongoing debates about smart and eco-urbanism by focussing on recent urbanisation initiatives in Asia. Our study of India’s Smart Cities Mission launched under the administration of Narendra Modi and China’s All-In-One eco-cities project initiated by Xi Jinpin unfolds in two corresponding narratives. Roy and Ong’s [2011. Worlding Cities: Asian Experiments and the Art of Being Global. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell] “worlding cities” serves as the theoretical backdrop of our analysis. Based on a careful review of a diverse set of academic literature, policy and other sources we identify five process-dimensions for analysing the respective urban approaches. We show how the specific features of China’s and India’s urban focus, organisation, implementation, governance and embedding manifest both nations’ approaches to smart and eco-urbanism. We argue that India’s Smart City Mission and China’s All-in-One project are firmly anchored in broader agendas of change that are set out to transform the nation and extend into time. The Indian Smart City Mission is part of a broader ambition to transform the nation enabling her “smart incarnation” in modernity. Smart technologies are seen as the key drivers of change. In China the framework of ecological civilisation continues a 5000-year historical tradition of civilisation excellence. By explicitly linking eco-urbanism to the framework, eco-cities become a means to enact ecological civilisation on the (urban) ground.     

城市空气污染及对策

本文系统分析了城市空气污染的成因、污染物种类和危害,指出城市空气污染是制约城市可持续发展的关键因素之 一,提出了城市空气污染 防治的技术和非技术措施。     

德国的臭氧监控及其对成都市的借鉴

环境空气中臭氧含量问题越来越多为人们所重视,本文拟就臭氧的形成与危害,臭氧监测在德国的开展情况作一介绍,并对其在成都市的借签应用提出建议措施。     

Land-Use and Land-Cover Change and Farmer Vulnerability in Xishuangbanna Prefecture in Southwestern China

This study investigated land-use and land-cover change in three hamlets and two state rubber farms in the Nan-e watershed of the Xishuangbanna prefecture of Yunnan province in Southwestern China. The overall objective of the study was to understand how state policies affected land use and land cover and how changes in these variables affected farmer vulnerability to economic, social, and political events. Emphasis was placed on the cultivation of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis), promoted in southern Yunnan province since the 1950s as a means to meet the demands of rapid economic development. The study combined remote sensing analysis with secondary data and in-field interviews in order to understand the coupling between land-use and land-cover change and farmer vulnerability in light of the geographic, historical, and sociopolitical situation.     

Soil acidity and manganese in declining and nondeclining sugar maple stands in Pennsylvania

For decades, the hardwood forests of northern Pennsylvania have been subjected to chronic atmospheric loading of acidifying agents. On marginal, high-elevation, unglaciated sites, sugar maples (Acer saccharum Marsh.) have experienced severe decline symptoms and mortality. Accelerated soil acidification, base cation leaching, and increased availability of toxic metals have been suggested as predisposing factors contributing to this decline. Manganese, an essential micronutrient, is also a potentially phytotoxic metal that may be a factor associated with poor sugar maple health on soils vulnerable to acidification from anthropogenic sources. We measured Mn levels in four compartments of the soil-tree system (soil, foliage, xylem wood, and sap) on three sugar maple stands in northern Pennsylvania. Two stands were classified as declining and one was in good health. Negative correlations were found between soil pH and Mn levels in the soil, foliage, sap, and xylem wood. Levels of Mn in these pools were consistently higher on declining sites, which correspondingly exhibited lower levels of Ca and Mg. Species differences between red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and sugar maple at the two declining sites suggested different tolerances to excessive Mn. Molar ratios of Mg/Mn and Ca/Mn were different among sites and showed potential as indicators of soil acidification. Significant correlations among soil, sap, foliage, and xylem wood Mn were also noted. These results show clear Mn differences among sites and, when viewed with recent Mn toxicity experiments and other observational studies, suggest that excessive Mn may play a role in the observed decline and mortality of sugar maple.     

Organic acids and aldehydes in throughfall and dew in a Japanese pine forest

We analyzed low molecular weight organic acids and aldehydes in throughfall under pine forest, and organic acids in dew on chemically inert surfaces and pine needle surfaces at urban- and mountain-facing sites of pine forest in western Japan. Low molecular weight organic acids and aldehydes accounted for less than 5% of the dissolved organic carbon in throughfall at both sites. Formaldehyde at both sites and formate at the mountain-facing site were found at significantly lower concentrations in throughfall than in rainfall, which may be explained by the degradation and/or retention of these components by the pine canopy as the incident precipitation passed through it. The oxalate concentration in throughfall was significantly higher than those in rainfall at both sites, suggesting that oxalate was derived from leaching from the pine foliage. At both sites, organic acid concentrations were higher in dew on the pine needles than in throughfall or dew on chemically inert surfaces. This could be due to the long contact time of dew on pine needles, during which leached substances from pine needles and dry deposits accumulated on their surfaces can dissolve into the small volume of dew. The role of enhanced concentrations of oxalate in an aqueous phase on the plant surfaces (e.g., dew) is discussed in relation to hydroxyl radical formation via the photo-Fenton reaction.     

Private and public interests in water and energy

Based on empirical evidence from developed, transition and developing countries, the article looks at how the introduction of private operators’ interests into the water supply/sanitation and energy sectors may conflict with public interests in socio‐economic, environmental and political dimensions. Case studies are used to illustrate the dynamics of these interactions, covering phenomena such as unsolicited proposals, misrepresentation and corruption; the exploitation of established positions by taking advantage of asymmetry of information and negotiating capacity in relation to public authorities; and exit from contracts or concessions when acceptable profitability cannot be attained. This experience indicates that the introduction of private companies into these sectors creates the permanent possibility of conflict between private and public interests. The services are too vital both socially and economically to rely on corporate self‐regulation, and countries lack effective capacity to regulate such corporations. The authors conclude that policies relying on corporate activity in these sectors are unnecessarily risky, and that policy development should focus on building strong public sector institutions to provide these services.