Ethical Opportunities in Global Agriculture, Fisheries, and Forestry: The Role for FAO

FAO has a unique and essential rolein addressing the ethical problems facinghumanity and in making these problems intoopportunities for practical resolution. A broadrange of ethical issues in agriculture,fisheries, and forestry were identified byanalysis of the literature and by interviewswith FAO staff. Issues include sharing accessto and preserving natural resources,introduction of new technology, conservatismover the use of genetic engineering, ethics inanimal agriculture, access to information, foodsecurity, sustainable rural development,ensuring participation of all people indecision making and in receiving benefits ofagriculture, reducing corruption, andinvolvement of private and public sectors indecision making. Rather than viewing theseissues as problems, they should be viewed asopportunities for debate, learning aboutothers' views, and resolution. The UnitedNations has an important role to play in howdecisions are made in the global ethical debatein food and agriculture. The ethical role ofFAO is to promote global food security,balanced conservation, management andutilization of natural resources, andsustainable rural development. FAO should fullyand publicly assume its ethicalresponsibilities, gathering and sharinginformation on ethics in its areas of mandate,acting as an interactive forum, and providingexpert guidance on policy options and choicesbased on practical ethical analysis.     

Biodiversity Conservation in the Thar Desert; with Emphasis on Endemic and Medicinal Plants

The Indian desert, the Thar Desert, has its own importance and specific characteristics with respect to endemic and medicinal plants. Forty-five plant species are considered to be rare and/or endangered. The desert has a large number of plants of economic importance and medicinal use. The Thar Desert is thickly populated in comparison to other hot deserts of the world. 17.44 million people and 23.33 million livestock are recorded from the region. These populations exert pressure on the biological resources of the Thar Desert causing a lack of sustainability and necessitate conservation of biodiversity actions.     

黄山自然风景保护区种子植物多样性的开发利用

黄山自然风景保护区自然条件优越,森林植被垂直分布明显,种子植物丰富,有134科655属1483种,其中国家重点保护植物有31种.由于旅游的发展,种子植物多样性受到威胁,应加强种子植物的保护.     

四川省农业环境影响及发展循环经济模式初探

四川省是农业大省,农业可持续发展对其经济发展具有重要意义,四川省的农业对环境的影响源于种植业和养殖业两方面。针对四川省农业的特点,本文提出四川省发展农业循环经济模式的思路及对策。     

农业开发与农业生态环境的保护和建设

本文分析了农业开发中存在的四个主要环境生态问题,及其对农业生产的严重制约,提出了当前农业综合开发过程中生态环境治理、保护和建设的6项基本对策。     

农业产业走向市场的成功之路—镇江产加销一条龙,贸工农一体化经营的调查

镇江市不断深化农业经营机制改革，大力发展产加销一条龙，贸工农一体化经营，把一家一户农民家庭小生产同国内外大市场有机联系起来，提高了农民的组织程度和专业化生产水平，协调了一二三产业间经济利益，建立了新的经济关系的优质，高产，高效，高创汇的市场产农业及新型组织管理体系，加快了农业生产社会化，产业化，市场化，现代化进程，使农业产业走向市场迈出了可喜的一步。     

贵州山区珍稀观赏植物物种多样性濒危现状及保护

贵州山区是我国一个植物多样性较丰富的地区,仅野生观赏植物(含园林及行道绿化,美化树种)就有300多种,其中120多种属珍稀受危观赏物种。文章着重对36种主要珍稀濒危观赏植物的分布、生境、濒危类型、程度等进行了分析,并从观赏植物本身的生理生态习性、贵州山区生境本底的严酷性(土壤瘠薄,可有效利用的地表水匮乏等)、人类不合理干扰活动(如过渡采收、毁林垦荒等)方面探讨了该地区观赏植物多样性的受危原因。在此基础上,结合目前西部大开发中生态建设的要求,提出了该地区受危观赏植物的保护对策。     

灾害旅游发展中的伦理冲突与均衡:利益相关者视角

灾害旅游的发展是出于经济动机和社会动机两方面的驱动,但这两方面动机之间存在天然的矛盾.因此,有必要引入伦理学的思想来分析灾害旅游中的伦理均衡问题,尤其是涉及范围较广的利益相关者的均衡问题.从利益相关者的视角出发,探讨了灾害旅游中的伦理均衡实现的动力,即各利益主体"利己"和"利他"的对立统一性.在对灾害旅游中的利益相关者进行界定的基础上,分析了各利益相关者面临的伦理冲突,并对伦理均衡进行了讨论.     

山东省循环农业发展现状及生态补偿机制探讨

在介绍生态农业补偿政策的基础上,针对山东省循环农业发展现状,对有效实施农业生态补偿问题进行了研究与探索,提出了实现农业生态补偿、促进循环农业可持续发展的模式和建议。     

辽东山区微型小流域“特色农业”开发──以清源县大石沟村为例

本文立足于辽东山区微型小流域的地域空间,以经营开发“特色农业”为主线,着眼于山区小流域的特产资源的培育与开发。通过资源培育和对初级产品的深加工,将山区小流域的资源优势转化为产品优势和商品优势,从而实现山区流域经济运行的良性循环。     

远安县农业后备资源评价及开发利用

人口膨涨、资源短缺是人类21世纪面临的两大难题,合理开发和利用农业后备资源缓解人口与资源矛盾的重要途径。笔者根据农业区划成果和农业后备资源调查资料,分析了远安县农业后备资源的现状及开发潜力,提出了农业后备资源开发利用的设想,并针对性地提出了措施及建议.     

宁夏大罗山优势资源植物的开发与利用

研究了宁夏大罗山具有潜在优势的资源植物26种,以及它们各自所含的化学成分,探讨如何合理开发利用这些植物资源的途径。     

县域经济在城市化中的作用及发展思路--以山东省为例

论述了县域经济与中国城市化进程之间的关联性以及加快发展县域经济以促进城市化进程的重要性.以山东省为案例,论证了中国今后要加速城市化进程,其关键之举是着力发展县域经济.     

黄山百合科野生药用植物资源及其利用

论述了安徽省黄山市分布的百合科野生药用植物的种质资源、地理分布、药用部位，为进一步开发利用提供依据。     

Strategies to overcome barriers to the development of sustainable agriculture in Canada: The role of agribusiness

Strategies to involve agribusiness in the development of sustainable agricultural systems have been limited by the lack of a comprehensive conceptual framework for identifying the most critical supportive policies, programs and regulations. In this paper, we propose an efficiency/substitution/redesign framework to categorize strategies for modifying agribusiness practices. This framework is then used to identify a diverse range of short, medium, and long-term strategies to be pursued by governments, community groups, academics and agribusiness to support the transition. Strategies discussed include corporate greening, ethical investment, changing the legal status of the corporaton, new business forms and the development of ecological economics.     

四川省野生观赏植物资源及开发利用

介绍了四川省丰富的野生观赏植物资源,分析了开发前景,针对其开发程度低、开发利用方式落后、资源保护性差的现状,指出四川省在野生观赏植物的保护和开发利用中应重点加强的几方面工作.     

大力推进重庆市生态农业建设实现社会可持续发展

经过多年实践,中国生态农业建设取得了显著的经济、生态、社会效益。本文针对重庆市农业生态环境现状,从可持续发展的角度,提出重庆市生态农业建设的对策措施。     

Local Environmental Investments and Sustainable Development: The evaluation of environmental projects in Scotland supported by the European Agriculture Guidance and Guarantee Fund

In the UK for the period 1994-99, a broad range of environmental projects were given financial support through the European Agriculture Guidance and Guarantee Fund under the Objective 1 and Objective 5b programmes. This paper is concerned with the ex-post evaluation of these projects set within a Sustainable Development framework. The aim was to identify project types or characteristics that offered the greatest return on investment. A classification of six broad project types was adopted. The evaluation revealed that there were significant differences between individual projects with respect to the type and scale, and temporal and social distribution of the benefits they delivered. In particular, as well as delivering environmental and economic benefits, many projects made a significant contribution to the development of human and social capital. The paper concludes that it is possible to improve the basis for future project selection in order to maximise the returns on environmental investments in the context of sustainable development.     

以河北平山为例谈革命圣地生态经济的拓展与繁荣

鉴于河北平山丰富的生态资源和"西柏坡"精神的社会影响,以太行山原生态资源为依托,西柏坡革命圣地旅游为龙头,县辖景致和文化遗址为基础,努力打造文化产业精品,促进区域经济稳步发展,倡导"文化兴县"并突出旅游经济地位,开拓县辖区"红色承载和谐自然"的人文生态环境,倡导创建红色文化与绿色生态"互融与双赢"的时代策略。     

Integrity and Rights of Plants: Ethical Notions in Organic Plant Breeding and Propagation

In addition to obviating the use of synthetic agrochemicals and emphasizing farming in accordance with agro-ecological guidelines, organic farming acknowledges the integrity of plants as an essential element of its natural approaches to crop production. For cultivated plants, integrity refers to their inherent nature, wholeness, completeness, species-specific characteristics, and their being in balance with their (organically farmed) environment, while accomplishing their “natural aim.” We argue that this integrity of plants has ethical value, distinguishing integrity of life, plant-typic integrity, genotypic integrity, and phenotypic integrity. We have developed qualitative criteria to ethically evaluate existing practices and have applied these criteria to assess whether current plant breeding and propagation techniques violate the integrity of crop plants. This process has resulted in a design of a holistic, scientific approach of organic plant breeding and seed production. Our evaluation has met considerable criticism from mainstream (crop) scientists. We respond to the following questions: (1). Can ethics be incorporated into objective crop sciences? (2). What is the nature of the intrinsic value of plants in organic farming? We argue that criteria to take integrity into account can only be assessed from a holistic perspective and we show that a holistic approach is needed to design such ethical notions in a consistent way. The ethical notions have been further elaborated by formulating human responsibility and respect towards crop plants. Responsibility and respect can only be shown by providing crop plants the right to be nurtured and to express natural behavior at all levels of integrity.