古田山国家级自然保护区黄山松群落特征及物种多样性研究

通过对黄山松群落特征及物种多样性进行分析,结果表明,古田山自然保护区黄山松群落植物种类较丰富,科属组成分散,区系成分较复杂。从属的地理成分来看,温带分布的属多于热带分布的属。群落的生活型以高位芽植物为主,地下芽植物次之。该群落叶的性质以小型叶、单叶、草质、非全缘为主。群落垂直结构复杂,地上成层现象明显,可分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层,并有一定数量的层间植物。乔木层、灌木层和草本层的物种多样性大小依次为灌木层>乔木层>草本层。     

威海市区黑松林群落分析的研究

根据威海市区黑松林的调查结果,分析了该群落的组成和结构特征。在11500m2的样地里有维管束植物105种,它们隶属于39科89属,其中被子植物37科;裸子植物1科;蕨类植物1科。该群落以单种科和寡种科占绝大多数,单种属有75种,占总数的71%,种数大于2的有13科,占总数的33%。该群落分为乔木层、灌木层及草本层3个层次,乔木层主要以黑松Pinusthunbergli、麻栎QuercusacutissimaCarr.等种类组成,灌木层主要以麻栎组成,草本层种类较少,以禾本植物为主。该群落中、高位芽植物占优势,缺乏隐芽植物。叶型以中、小型叶为主,缺乏大型叶植物。TWINSPAN将115个样方分为11个群落类型。调查结果表明本地区黑松林群落结构简单,不同黑松林群落结构差异较小,且物种丰富度低,是人为干扰强烈所致。     

广州罗岗村边次生常绿阔叶林群落分析

根据广州罗岗村这次生常绿阔叶林的调查结果,分析了该群落的组成结构特征在1200m2的样地里有维管束植物引种,隶属于40科65属其区系特点具有从热带向亚热带过渡的性质该群落分为乔木层（3亚层）、灌木层及草本层等层次乔、灌层种类较多,主要以往粟（Caastanopsischinensis）、黄桐（Endospermumchinense）和黄果厚壳桂（CryptocargaconcinnaHance）等种类组成,草本展种类少．本群落以中、小高位芽植物占优势,缺乏大高位芽、隐芽和一年生植物叶型以中型叶为主群落的大部分优势种的种群分布格局是随机分布的优势种群的立木结构分析表明,本群落处于进展演替它与30a前比较有较大的变化乔木层原优势种黄桐、猴耳环（Pithecellobiumclyperia）、亮叶肉实（Sarcospermalaurinum）等被锥粟、刺栲（Castanopsishystrix）等替代．草本层原以禾本科植物为主,现已发展为原生性较强的龙船花（Ixorachinensis）、九节（Psychotriarubra）等种类     

漓江流域岩溶区檵木群落不同恢复阶段物种组成及多样性变化

以空间代替时间的方法选取典型样地,采用常规群落学调查方法对漓江流域岩溶区立地条件基本一致的檵木(Loropetalum chinense)群落不同恢复阶段的植物物种组成及其多样性变化进行研究。结果表明,(1)在所调查的样方中,共记录维管束植物78种,隶属于45科70属。乔木层的建群种檵木随着群落的恢复其重要值有降低的趋势,而在灌木层则相反。檵木群落不同恢复阶段乔木层和灌木层主要优势种为檵木、小巴豆(Croton xiaopadou)、龙须藤(Bauhinia championii)、红背山麻杆(Alchornea trewioides)和紫凌木(Decaspermum esquirolii),草本层主要优势种为狭穗薹草(Carex ischnostachya)、庐山香科科(Teucrium pernyi)和蔓生莠竹(Microstegium fasciculatum)。(2)随着檵木群落的恢复,群落总体、乔木层和灌木层物种丰富度呈现增大的趋势,草本层则相反;Shannon指数和均匀度指数具有一致的变化趋势,乔木层Shannon指数和均匀度指数随檵木群落的恢复呈现增大的趋势,而灌木层、草本层和群落总体则相反。檵木群落不同恢复阶段灌木层Shannon指数均高于乔木层和草本层,而草本层均匀度指数均高于乔木层和灌木层;Simpson指数随檵木群落恢复的变化趋势与Shannon指数和均匀度指数相反。(3)在檵木群落的灌木阶段、乔灌阶段和乔林阶段这3个恢复阶段中,乔灌阶段与乔林阶段之间的乔木层、灌木层、草本层和群落总体的Bray-Curtis指数最大。     

南岳森林群落生物多样性研究(Ⅲ)广济寺森林群落植物物种相对多度分布格局

本文选用几何级数分布、分割线段、对数级数分布和对数正态分布等模型研究了南岳广济寺森林群落植物物种相对多度的分布格局。结果表明,对数级分布模型适于拟合南岳广济寺森林群落乔木层和灌木层物种相对多度的分布格局;分割线段中的序列一多度模型仅适合于乔木层;对数正态分布模型仅适合于草本层;几何级数分布模型完全适合于拟合任何层次。此外,α指数值亦显示出本群落接近山地季雨林的多样性水平。     

古田山国家自然保护区针阔叶混交林植物物种多样性特征

利用样方法进行野外群落调查.共调查了6个样地,每个样地大小为20m×20 m,研究古田山自然保护区针阔叶混交林植物物种多样性特征.结果表明:古田山针阔混交林的科、属、种组成多样性较高,植物种类丰富.组成复杂.群落的属种多样性>科属多样性>科种多样性.从灌木层、乔木层至草本层物种多样性依次递减,乔木层和灌木层的物种多样性指数明显大于草本层物种多样性指数.     

安徽特有植物鹞落坪半夏生境地群落特征

为了解安徽特有植物鹞落坪半夏Pinella yaoluopingensis分布现状和生境地群落特点,并为鹞落坪半夏的开发利用及保护提供科学依据,经多次踏查之后,采用样方法对安徽省鹞落坪保护区鹞落坪半夏生境地群落进行了调查。结果表明:在鹞落坪保护区,鹞落坪半夏分布范围狭窄,其主要分布在海拔1 000~1 200 m范围的疏林中(郁闭度0.4~0.6,坡度2°~10°);鹞落坪半夏生境地群落植物区系组成共有117种,隶属于55科91属,植物科级和属级水平的多样性高;群落地理成分以温带为主,兼有温带和热带的双重性质,群落表现出次生性的植被特征;鹞落坪半夏生境地群落生活型谱以草本类型为主(50种,占42.74%),且在乔木种类中,落叶成分占了绝大部分,反映了鹞落坪半夏生境地群落是由亚热带向暖温带的过渡地带;叶级以中型叶占优势(占50.43%),叶质以纸质叶为主(占80.34%),非全缘叶种类占的比例明显高于全缘叶(前者占64.96%);鹞落坪半夏在群落中处于伴生地位,其所在群落主要为黄山松疏林;整个乔木层,从种类讲,以阔叶种类居多,但从重要值指数分析,以针叶树黄山松重要值最大(86.7);灌木层覆盖度在12%~30%的区域分布有较多的鹞落坪半夏,草本层覆盖度在10%~20%,以金星蕨占优势。鹞落坪半夏更新小苗十分稀少,这可能与鹞落坪半夏叶柄无珠芽、增殖率较低有关。鹞落坪半夏生境地群落类型少、分布点少,维持现有的群落是保护鹞落坪半夏的有力保障。鹞落坪半夏生境地群落特征可为鹞落坪半夏人工栽培繁殖提供理论依据。     

浙江古田山濒危植物香果树群落组成和结构特征

香果树(Emmenopterys henryi)为中国特有的孑遗植物,国家Ⅱ级保护植物。参照CTFS(Center for Tropical Forest Science)固定样地的调查方法,对古田山自然保护区香果树野生群落的生境特点、物种组成、群落外貌、垂直结构、生物量、物种多样性以及种群动态等进行调查。结果表明,古田山香果树群落主要分布于海拔600~850 m的沟谷地带,生长地岩石裸露度较高,部分群落盖度较高。样地内共有维管植物47科、71属、89种,植物种类较为丰富,科属组成较为分散,壳斗科、山茶科和樟科的种类相对较多;从属的地理成分看,热带分布的属与温带分布的属的比例分别为51.47%和44.12%,体现了亚热带森林的植物区系特点。群落垂直结构较为明显,可分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层,并有一定数量的层间植物;乔木层、灌木层和草本层的物种多样性大小为乔木层灌木层草本层。香果树种群的年龄结构属稳定型,但物种个体总数较少,仍需注意加强保护。该研究可为古田山香果树群落的发生、发展和演替的深入研究提供基础数据,为古田山自然保护区香果树群落濒危机制探讨、有效保护和生态系统管理提供理论支持。     

湖南濒危中药材黑老虎野生资源调查

为调查湖南省黑老虎野生资源分布、种群、群落特征及其中药材储量,对湖南21个县市的黑老虎资源状况进行了实地考察.调查结果表明:黑老虎主要分布于湖南的怀化、湘西、张家界、郴州、永州、邵阳等地,生长在海拔300 m～1 500 m的山地疏林中;种群密度较小,仅为1株/m2,平均株高约8.91 m,平均基径约1.25 cm;其群落结构由乔木、灌木、草本组成,且乔木层的物种多样性大于灌木层和草本层,伴生植物种类丰富,包括22个科41个属共50种植物;湖南黑老虎中药材总蕴藏量较少,约为12 288 kg.因此,建议应重视和加强黑老虎野生资源保护,进行人工繁育和栽培,保证黑老虎资源的可持续利用.     

江西三清山台湾松+白豆杉-猴头杜鹃植物群落研究

对三清山台湾松(Pinus taiwanensis Hayata)-白豆杉(Pseudotaxus chienii(Cheng)Cheng)-猴头杜鹃(Rhododendron simiarum Hance)群落进行野外调查和分析,结果表明,(1)从群落组成、外貌、结构分析看该群落是保存较好的典型中亚热带针阔叶混交林,地理成分构成以热带属占52.60%,温带属占46.08%;按重要值计算,群落优势种组成以杜鹃花科(24.38%)、松科(22.93%)、山茶科(19.45%)、壳斗科(10.27%)占优势,而建群种、优势种主要为猴头杜鹃(64.53%)、台湾松(56.11%)、白豆杉(29.36%)、荷木(19.68%)、黑柃(15.99%)、细叶青冈(15.82%)和厚叶红淡比(15.79%)。(2)Simpson物种多样性指数为1.00,Shannon-Wiener物种多样性指数为3.66,频度值分析为A>B>CE,同Raunkiaer标准频度定律有一定差异。(3)群落组成以多优势种为特征,从年龄结构图看均为衰退种群,衰退程度为:台湾松>猴头杜鹃>荷木>白豆杉>黑柃>细叶青冈>厚叶红淡比,且前三种衰退程度很高。(4)群落生活型以高位芽植物占绝对优势(70.21%),地上芽植物次之(25.32%),地面芽植物(2.13%)和隐芽植物(2.13%)较少。(5)群落的乔木层明显分为2层,高度在10~18m,以台湾松、荷木、细叶青冈优势,7~10m以白豆杉、黑柃、猴头杜鹃占优势。猴头杜鹃优势度极大,覆盖度达0.6~0.98,较大的荫闭环境对其它优势种如台湾松、白豆杉等幼苗的更新造成极大的影响。(6)从总体上看,该台湾松、白豆杉群落是一个典型的亚热带地带性常绿阔叶林,群落物种多样性、均匀度较高,在演替上实际上处于一种相对稳定的状况。     

Applications of chitosan in food,pharmaceuticals, medicine,cosmetics, agriculture,textiles, pulp and paper,biotechnology, and environmental chemistry

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Chitosan is a biopolymer obtained from chitin, one of the most abundant and renewable materials on Earth. Chitin is a primary component of cell walls in fungi, the...     

Lead,cadmium, copper,zinc, iron,and calcium in human hair as a function of gender,age, smoking,and hair dyeing

Hair samples were collected randomly from 110 subjects (55 male and 55 female) ranging in age from (<15–60) years. Each subject was asked to complete a personal questionnaire describing his/her sex, age, general health, smoking, use of hair dyes, occupational area, and living habits. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Ca in human hair samples were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results indicated that concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in the hair of smokers were higher than those in the hair of non-smokers, whereas, Fe and Ca concentrations in hair of smokers were lower than those in hair of non-smokers. Moreover, the concentrations of these elements are higher in dyed hair compared with undyed hair.     

Metal passivity as mechanism of metal carcinogenesis: Chromium,nickel, iron,copper, cobalt,platinum, molybdenum

For the transition metals chromium, nickel, iron, copper, cobalt, platinum, and molybdenum, mechanisms of stable bonding in biochemistry (emphasis on carcinogenic mechanisms), chemistry, industrial chemistry, as well as epidemiological, occupational, orthopedic (implant devices) effects related to carcinogenesis, were reviewed. Hypothetically, the propensity to stable bonding (inertness), which ensures the metals’ performance capacity for consumers and industrial application, relates to their carcinogenicity. For chromium, a relationship between industrial/chemical and biological reactivity was noted for the tendency of Cr(III) ions to cause hydrolysis previous to stable bonding, as occurs during anodic passivation, leather tanning, and as indicated in biochemical studies pertaining to a mechanism of DNA condensation, which was suggested as a carcinogenic mechanism. The involvement of metal hydrolysis in both anodic passivation and biochemistry was noted also for nickel, iron, and platinum; the DNA interaction of platinum (cis-platin) is known to depend on hydrolysis. For nickel, issues of potential (V) were found important in both passivation and carcinogenicity. Comparably, the passivity behavior of cobalt and copper was found atypical, and their carcinogenicity yet unclear. Molybdenum, contained in passivated metallic implants, may relate to implant-associated carcinogenesis. Occupational carcinogenic effects were indicated for chromium, nickel, iron, and cobalt as caused by both reactive and passivated metal species. Exposure to acids and chronic respiratory irritation/infection/inflammation in workers were important cofactors in metal carcinogenesis. For wood and leather workers exposed to dust, the assumed presence in dust of metal particles abraded from alloys (sawing or cutting blades) may be a carcinogenic exposure hazard.     

Seaweed for climate mitigation,wastewater treatment,bioenergy, bioplastic,biochar, food,pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics: a review

The development and recycling of biomass production can partly solve issues of energy, climate change, population growth, food and feed shortages, and environmental pollution. For instance, the use of seaweeds as feedstocks can reduce our reliance on fossil fuel resources, ensure the synthesis of cost-effective and eco-friendly products and biofuels, and develop sustainable biorefinery processes. Nonetheless, seaweeds use in several biorefineries is still in the infancy stage compared to terrestrial plants-based lignocellulosic biomass. Therefore, here we review seaweed biorefineries with focus on seaweed production, economical benefits, and seaweed use as feedstock for anaerobic digestion, biochar, bioplastics, crop health, food, livestock feed, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Globally, seaweeds could sequester between 61 and 268 megatonnes of carbon per year, with an average of 173 megatonnes. Nearly 90% of carbon is sequestered by exporting biomass to deep water, while the remaining 10% is buried in coastal sediments. 500 gigatonnes of seaweeds could replace nearly 40% of the current soy protein production. Seaweeds contain valuable bioactive molecules that could be applied as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal, anticancer, contraceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulants, and in other cosmetics and skincare products.

     

Research progress on distribution,sources, identification,toxicity, and biodegradation of microplastics in the ocean,freshwater, and soil environment

• Microplastics are widely found in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. • Cleaning products and discarded plastic waste are primary sources of microplastics. • Microplastics have apparent toxic effects on the growth of fish and soil plants. • Multiple strains of biodegradable microplastics have been isolated. Microplastics (MPs) are distributed in the oceans, freshwater, and soil environment and have become major pollutants. MPs are generally referred to as plastic particles less than 5 mm in diameter. They consist of primary microplastics synthesized in microscopic size manufactured production and secondary microplastics generated by physical and environmental degradation. Plastic particles are long-lived pollutants that are highly resistant to environmental degradation. In this review, the distribution and possible sources of MPs in aquatic and terrestrial environments are described. Moreover, the adverse effects of MPs on natural creatures due to ingestion have been discussed. We also have summarized identification methods based on MPs particle size and chemical bond. To control the pollution of MPs, the biodegradation of MPs under the action of different microbes has also been reviewed in this work. This review will contribute to a better understanding of MPs pollution in the environment, as well as their identification, toxicity, and biodegradation in the ocean, freshwater, and soil, and the assessment and control of microplastics exposure.     

Concentrations of V,Cr, Mn,Fe, Ni,Co, Cu,Zn, As and Cd in mesopelagic crustaceans from the North East Atlantic Ocean

Specimens of oceanic decapods, mysids and euphausiids, collected from the North East Atlantic Ocean during July 1985, were analysed for V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As and Cd. Measurement of the metals was carried out using two techniques: inductively-coupled plasma-source mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption (AAS). With the exception of the iron data, good agreement was observed between the data from the two techniques. Baseline-metal data are presented for the species measured, along with any effects of animal size on metal concentration. The data presented for oceanic animals from different trophic levels are important in studies of metal fluxes and for the assessment of markers within the food web in the oceans.