近52年山西暴雨气候变化特征分析

根据山西17个气象站1961-2012年的降水资料,应用线性趋势系数、Mann-Kendall突变检验法、Morlet小波变换等常用方法,分析了山西近52 a来的暴雨气候的变化特征。结果表明:山西暴雨具有"南多北少"的特点,主要发生在主汛期,频次下降趋势为1.26 d/10a;暴雨频次占90%以上;局地暴雨过程占69.6%,区域性暴雨过程占30.4%,大部分暴雨过程的持续时间不超过1d;阶段性变化特征明显,在1968年发生突变,突变后暴雨频次减少。年平均暴雨强度为96.15 mm/d,减少速度为2.85 mm/10a。大暴雨及特大暴雨主要分布在7,8月份,具"七下八上"的特点,暴雨频次的旬际变化以7月下旬为对称轴,在时间上对称分布。暴雨发生频次普遍具有10~15 a的年代际变化周期,另外还存在25~30 a的低频振荡周期。     

河套地区暴雨的地域性特点及灾情分析

选取河套地区87个气象站1961-2010年逐日降水量资料,采用线性趋势分析、Mann-Kendall检验以及合成分析等方法,分析了河套地区暴雨日数的时空分布特征及其气候变化规律。结果表明:河套地区暴雨日数呈明显的"东南多、西北少"空间分布特征,暴雨主要出现在河套地区东南部;暴雨以单站暴雨为主,同日1个站出现暴雨占暴雨总数的49.5%,同日10站以上出现暴雨主要是在河南、山西、陕西三省交界和山西、陕西、内蒙古三省交界地区;7-8月份暴雨日数占暴雨总日数的74.1%;局地性暴雨平均每年出现26.3 d、区域性暴雨平均每年出现4.4 d,暴雨总日数、局地性暴雨日数和区域性暴雨日数均呈减少趋势,并存在明显的波动性年际变化,但均未发生突变现象;河套地区暴雨具有雨日少、雨量大,局地性暴雨多、区域性暴雨少的分布特点,暴雨常常造成人员伤亡、农作物受灾、牲畜死亡、房屋倒塌、道路与通信设施毁损,因灾经济损失十分巨大。     

1960年代以来西北地区暴雨气候变化特征

为了揭示西北地区暴雨的时空演变特征,利用该地区109个站44年（1961—2004年）的日降水资料,采用小波分析等方法研究了该地区暴雨的气候变化。研究指出,西北地区平均每年有40站次的暴雨;暴雨频次最少的地方在中西部,最多的地方在东部;4—11月都可能出现暴雨,其中6—9月占93．1％。暴雨开始和结束的时间年际差异较大,最早可发生在4月初,最迟到7月中旬发生;最早8月初结束,最迟11月中旬结束。区域性暴雨平均每年发生4．7场次,主要发生在6—9月;第一场区域性暴雨平均日期为7月2日,最早出现在4月初,最迟在9月下旬;最后一场区域性暴雨平均日期为8月31日,最早结束于6月中旬,最迟结束于10月中旬。     

河南省遭暴雨袭击 国家防总启动防汛应急响应

2021年7月17日以来,河南省遭遇极端强降雨,中西部、西北部地区出现成片大暴雨,部分地区特大暴雨。7月20日8—17时,部分地区强降雨天气仍在持续,其中中部和西北部出现大到暴雨,郑州、焦作、新乡、洛阳、许昌、平顶山等地的部分地区出现大暴雨,郑州中西部局地特大暴雨。根据《国家防汛抗旱应急预案》有关规定,国家防总决定于7月20日20时启动防汛Ⅲ级应急响应。     

基于模糊综合评判的汶川8.0级地震重灾区滑坡泥石流气候风险评估

用1971-2000年的30年逐日降水量资料,按旬统计汶川地震重灾县5-12月各旬的雨日、中雨日、大雨日、暴雨日的平均日数和气候概率,根据地震重灾区实际地质环境条件,降低强降雨强度条件,基于模糊综合评判法,按照最大隶属度原则对汶川特大地震重灾区的39个县进行地质灾害时空气候风险评估。结果表明:重灾区的地质灾害气候风险指数值存在两个高值期间,一个是5月中旬至7月上旬,另一个是8月下旬至9月下旬。而10月下旬至次年4月,重灾区降雨明显减少,绝大部分地区没有地质灾害气候风险;从地域分布来看,高风险区域主要集中在重灾区的西部和中部,风险等级为3～4级(风险较大或很大),东部地区风险等级为1～2级(中等风险或风险较小),但7月下旬高等级风险区位置集中在重灾区的南部和东部。     

陕西凤县“81·8”洪水灾害及其成因分析

地处秦岭山区的陕西凤县一带,从1981年7月上旬起持续降雨,8月中旬连降大雨、暴雨,至9月13日,在75天内降雨量达729.2毫米,是往年同期降雨量的2.5倍。8月14—22日降雨过程雨量达363.8毫米,覆盖面积9,300平方公里。其间以8月21日暴雨强度最大,降雨量多达106.3毫米,而暴雨中心小五岭最大日降雨量高达213.3毫米。由于暴雨强度大,     

高州市不同历时降雨组合的风险概率研究

基于目前水文频率分析中的不确定性问题,以高州市马贵站1965-2016年的降雨资料为例,利用P-Ⅲ型曲线对高州市年最大1 h降雨量与相应各历时下降雨量进行了频率分析;构建年最大1 h与相应6 h、12 h、24 h降雨量的联合分布模型,并计算三种组合下的两种风险率大小。结论指出:条件概率P2均明显大于条件概率P1;各降雨组合的P1和P2随年最大1 h降雨量的增加而增大,即当H1为117.45 mm取得最大值,其中P1(HH6|HH1)与P2(HH6|HH1)达到最大值48.5%和71.2%。在设计重现期增至10年及以上时,其所对应的风险率均显著降低至20%以下。因此在推求设计暴雨和设计洪水时,利用Copula函数估算不同降雨组合的风险概率,对于准确合理预测遭遇强降雨事件,准确计算设计暴雨值,保证居民财产安全有着重要的意义。     

略阳县纪家沟发生特大型泥石流

1990年8月12日11时许,位于陕南略阳县的观音寺乡纪家沟发生特大型泥石流灾害,造成49人死亡,2人重伤,13户57间房被毁,45人无家可归。进入8月以来,陕南、关中西部连降大雨。据观音寺林场雨量资料,8月1～3日,该地降雨102mm,土壤含水已达饱和状态。8月8日至12日8时前又降雨27mm,8时至14时的6h突降暴雨120mm,其间9～10时雨量最大,暴雨倾盆,数米之外看不清物体,人们无法在户外活动,终于11时许,洪流夹带泥砂摧毁了上游第一户居民房舍,泥石流席卷沟道内的砾石砂土和堆积物,形成高约20～30m的泥石流龙头,冲刷河床及两岸,汇成更大更猛的泥石流。据     

国外如何应对暴雨灾害及我国防御指南

据媒体报道,2014年5月上旬我国南方暴雨成灾,波及广东、广西、云南、贵州、湖南等许多省份,受灾人数超过60万人。因暴雨深圳变成"水城",广深线动车全部停运,2000辆汽车被淹。暴雨一般指每小时降雨量16毫米以上,或连续12小时降雨量30毫米以上,或连续24小时降雨量50毫米以上的降雨。24小时降水量为100-250毫米以下为"大暴雨";250毫米以上称"特大暴雨"。由于全球气候变暖,暴雨等灾害天气频繁出现。世界上最大的暴雨出现在南印度洋上的留尼汪岛,24小时降水量为1870毫米。中国最大暴雨出现在台湾省新寮,24小时降水量为1672毫米。我国是世界上出现暴雨较多的国家之一,除西北个别省(区)外,几乎都出现过暴雨。我国属于季风气候国家,从晚春到盛夏,随着季风的由弱变强,主要雨带位置亦随季风由南向北推移。3-5月,雨带在华南,华南地区暴雨频频发生。6-7月,雨带到长江中下游,长江中下游常出现持续性暴雨,7-8月,雨带到达我国北方。9-10月,随着季风的减弱,雨带又逐渐南撤。暴雨是一种灾害性天气,暴雨不仅是局地的,还常常波及很大范围。我国因暴雨造成的洪涝灾害仅次于干旱气象灾害。它每年造成的损失约占所有气象灾害造成的总损失的27.5%左右。国外发达国家应对暴雨灾害有较为成熟的经验,可供我参与与借鉴。     

基于物理量“配料法”的黑龙江省暴雨预报研究

利用实况气象资料,研究了1961—2010年黑龙江省暴雨时空分布特征,运用"配料法"结合实况物理量场资料,分别从上升强迫、不稳定条件、水汽和降水效率三个方面选取15种物理量,作为诊断成分,定义一个新的暴雨指数R,在R中若存在8个或以上物理量的阈值满足条件,即可确定为极易出现暴雨的天气,对于是否有利于暴雨的产生条件进行初步判断。结果表明,黑龙江的暴雨日数变化总体呈波动状态,且起伏明显。暴雨主要出现在夏季中期(7月、8月),常出现在黑龙江省中部和南部地区。与暴雨存在明显相关性的物理量有水汽通量散度、K指数、相对湿度、散度、假相当位温等,其指标对于暴雨预报有较好指示性。4次典型暴雨过程满足R的阈值数均大于8,表明R指数的定义对于暴雨预报有较好的参考作用。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

The cultural politics of mining and natural disaster in Indonesia: by fire and sword

Natural disasters are inevitably the outcome of cultural agonisms. The cultural politics of natural disasters are shaped by competing claims and conceptions of ‘nature’. Recent disasters in Indonesia are directly linked to these contending conceptions and the ways in which different social groups imagine risk and reward. The Sidoarjo volcanic mudflow of 2006 represents a volatile and violent exemplar of contending cultural and economic claims. Like other disasters in Indonesia and elsewhere in the developing world, this ‘natural’ disaster is characterised by differing conceptions of ‘nature’ as cultural tradition, divine force, and natural resource. A new extractive project in East Java is exhibiting similar economic and cultural agonisms, particularly around the notion of development, environment, self‐determination, and tradition. This paper examines the ‘disputes over meaning’ associated with natural disasters in contemporary societies, and the ways in which they are related to human culture, social organisation, and hierarchical systems of violence.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。