综合评价室内空气质量初探

阐述了现行室内空气质量评价方法存在的不足,通过分析比较,确定了利用计权型多因子环境质量评价指数进行室内空气质量的综合评价方法.根据当前由于室内装修引起的室内空气污染特点,选择了甲醛、氨气、苯、甲苯、二甲苯和总挥发性有机物等6项指标作为评价因子,各评价因子的权重系数用其危害等级计算得到.     

用综合指数法对一新装修住户室内空气品质测试与评价

运用综合指数法对一新装修住户室内空气品质进行评价与分析，确定室内空气质量品质等级、各种污染物之间的污染程度差异、室内空气中的主要污染物，并对评价结果进行分析，提出治理措施。     

数据融合技术在环境监测网络中的应用与思考

按照环境监测网络的信息处理结构,将网络划分为采集层、网络层和应用层,归纳了数据级融合、特征级融合、决策级融合3层融合级别,介绍了加权平均、卡尔曼滤波、人工神经网络、支持向量机、遗传算法、贝叶斯系统等在环境监测数据分析中的应用,指出当前面临的数据处理技术不成熟、评价体系不完善和数据质量监管能力不足等问题,提出优化网络结构、数据多元应用和强化决策支持等研究建议。     

基于三层C/S模式的室内空气品质监测与评价系统

阐述了对室内空气品质进行远程监测与评价的必要性,介绍了基于三层C／S模式的室内空气品质监测与评价系统的结构与工作流程,以及网络环境下三层C／S模式的实时监测系统的结构与功能,指出该系统为准确监测和科学评价室内空气质量提供了有力的工具和保障。     

室内空气耗氧量（AOD）的测定及其卫生学意义的探讨

随着居民生活水平的不断提高,室内空气污染物来源及种类也越来越复杂,由此而引起的居室环境问题已引起国内环境卫生工作者的重视。开展住宅内空气中各种化学污染物监测方法的研究和探讨,正是我国目前环境卫生学研究的一个重要方面。我们结合农村住宅室内空气质量的监测,对室内空气耗氧量的测定方法和其卫生学意义进行了初步探讨。     

关于我国氨室内空气质量评价标准的建议

当前,室内空气污染已成为社会关注的热点问题,氨(NH3)含量高低是室内空气质量(IAQ)好坏的重要指示指标。文章通过分析氨(NH3)的理化特性、来源、毒理学研究和流行病学研究结果,在参考国外相关标准的基础上,结合我国的实际情况和目前污染水平,提出我国氨(NH3)室内空气质量三级标准建议值。     

基于双指标多等级的土壤重金属生态风险评价

采用土壤中重金属的全量和有效态双重指标,建立基于多等级综合评估的土壤中重金属生态风险评价模型,将联合概率曲线法引入土壤评价模型,分析重金属暴露浓度与毒性数据的概率分布,考察重金属对土壤生物的毒害程度,从而确定土壤中重金属对于生态系统的风险。建立从简单到复杂的多等级综合评价方法,表征重金属的污染等级、浓度效应、多种重金属污染物的协同效应、不同重金属的毒性效应和土壤对不同重金属污染物的敏感性。选择典型地区采集有代表性的土壤样品,测定不同重金属的总量和有效态,验证评价模型的实用性和评价分级的合理性。旨在解决土壤重金属风险评价的方法学问题,为土壤环境质量管理提供支持。     

室内空气品质评价方法的研究进展

介绍了国内外有关室内空气品质评价的研究现状,阐述了室内空气品质的主观评价法及其局限性,着重介绍了室内空气品质的客观评价方法。指出建立公正、权威的室内空气品质的评价方法是目前亟需解决的问题。     

室内空气中总挥发性有机化合物(TVOC)检测技术现状

总挥发性有机化合物(TVOC)是评价室内空气质量的重要指标,高浓度的总挥发性有机化合物(TVOC)会对人体健康造成重大影响。文章简述了室内空气中总挥发性有机化合物(TVOC)的定义、性质、来源及危害,重点总结了室内空气中总挥发性有机化合物(TVOC)的检测技术现状。结合室内空气中总挥发性有机化合物(TVOC)的分析检测实际,提出了室内空气中总挥发性有机化合物(TVOC)防治对策及控制。     

室内空气污染现状与特征研究

对几种典型室内空气质量进行监测，并就室内装修对空气质量的影响进行了研究，结果表明，室内空气质量状况不容乐观，PM10是不同类型室内空气的共同特征污染因子，PM10和细菌总数是公共场所的特征污染因子，室内装修是造成甲醛和苯系物等挥发性有机物污染的主要原因。     

基于深度学习的人工智能空气质量预报系统构建

针对现有空气质量预报系统存在预报精度低、人工经验辅助、适用范围单一等问题,利用深度学习方法在分析数据内在特征方面表现出的优异性能,结合多源数据融合技术,设计了基于深度学习的空气质量预报系统实现方案。通过对多源数据集的实时制作更新、分析空气质量演变的时空特性、定义和拟合深度学习模型并部署于服务器等关键技术的研究,最终实现了空气质量的多尺度、高精度实时预报服务和预报结果可视化服务。应用结果表明,基于深度学习的空气质量预报系统具有更高的预报精度和更优良的应用效果,可提高预报效率,为空气质量预报服务提供一种新型、高效的实现方式。     

Background concentrations of individual and total volatile organic compounds in residential indoor air of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany

During a monitoring campaign concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured in indoor air of 79 dwellings where occupants had not complained about health problems or unpleasant odour. Parameters monitored were the individual concentration of 68 VOCs and the total concentration of all VOCs inside the room. VOCs adsorbed by Tenax TA were then analysed by means of thermal desorption, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The analytical procedure and quantification was done according to the recommendation of the ECA-IAQ Working Group 13 which gave a definition of the total volatile organic compound (TVOC) concentration. Using this recommendation TVOC-concentrations ranged between 33 and 1600 microg m(-3) with a median of 289 microg m(-3). Compounds found in every sample and with the highest concentrations were 2-propanol, alpha-pinene and toluene. Save for a few samples, all concentrations measured have been a factor 2 to 10 lower, compared to data from similar studies. Only a few terpenes and aldehydes were found exceeding published reference data or odour threshold concentrations. However, it has been found that sampling and analysing methods do have a considerable impact on the results, making direct comparisons of studies somewhat questionable. 47% of all samples revealed concentrations exceeding the threshold value of 300 microg TVOC m(-3) set by the German Federal Environmental Agency as a target for indoor air quality. Using the TVOC concentration as defined in the ECA-IAQ methodology is instrumental in assessing exposure to VOCs and identifying sources of VOCs. The background concentrations determined in this study can be used to discuss and interpret target values for individual and total volatile organic compounds in indoor air.     

Determining the ventilation and aerosol deposition rates from routine indoor-air measurements

Measurement of air exchange rate provides critical information in energy and indoor-air quality studies. Continuous measurement of ventilation rates is a rather costly exercise and requires specific instrumentation. In this work, an alternative methodology is proposed and tested, where the air exchange rate is calculated by utilizing indoor and outdoor routine measurements of a common pollutant such as SO₂, whereas the uncertainties induced in the calculations are analytically determined. The application of this methodology is demonstrated, for three residential microenvironments in Athens, Greece, and the results are also compared against ventilation rates calculated from differential pressure measurements. The calculated time resolved ventilation rates were applied to the mass balance equation to estimate the particle loss rate which was found to agree with literature values at an average of 0.50 h^?1. The proposed method was further evaluated by applying a mass balance numerical model for the calculation of the indoor aerosol number concentrations, using the previously calculated ventilation rate, the outdoor measured number concentrations and the particle loss rates as input values. The model results for the indoors’ concentrations were found to be compared well with the experimentally measured values.     

空气扰动对净化器去除香烟源颗粒物性能的影响

空气净化器可有效改善雾霾天气下室内空气质量,颗粒物去除效果与洁净空气量(CADR)是衡量其性能的主要参数。在典型室内环境下,以香烟源颗粒物为目标,开展空气扰动对净化器去除颗粒物效果和CADR的影响实验与评价分析。结果显示,在室内空气扰动下,净化器对粒径≥5μm的颗粒物去除率为75.6%,在无空气扰动情况下的去除率为46.6%。空气净化器对粒径0.3μm^5μm的颗粒物有较好的去除效果,而对于粒径10μm的较大颗粒物,空气扰动造成CADR增加。空气扰动在一定程度上提升了空气净化器的净化能力,同时在性能方面也存在影响。     

A probabilistic water quality index for river water quality assessment: a case study

Available water quality indices have some limitations such as incorporating a limited number of water quality variables and providing deterministic outputs. This paper presents a hybrid probabilistic water quality index by utilizing fuzzy inference systems (FIS), Bayesian networks (BNs), and probabilistic neural networks (PNNs). The outputs of two traditional water quality indices, namely the indices proposed by the National Sanitation Foundation and the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, are selected as inputs of the FIS. The FIS is trained based on the opinions of several water quality experts. Then the trained FIS is used in a Monte Carlo analysis to provide the required input-output data for training both the BN and PNN. The trained BN and PNN can be used for probabilistic water quality assessment using water quality monitoring data. The efficiency and applicability of the proposed methodology is evaluated using water quality data obtained from water quality monitoring system of the Jajrood River in Iran.     

Assessing indoor air quality of school environments: transplanted lichen <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudovernia furfuracea</Emphasis> as a new tool for biomonitoring and bioaccumulation

The aim of this research is to evaluate the ability of transplanted lichen Pseudovernia (P). furfuracea to biomonitor and bioaccumulate in urban indoor environments. The elements As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni and Pb and 12 selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were used to assess P. furfuracea as a biomonitoring tool for the indoor air quality of school environments. To achieve this purpose, lichen samples were exposed for 2 months in the outdoor and indoor environments of five school settings located in urban and rural areas. The results demonstrated that transplanted lichen P. furfuracea is a suitable biomonitoring tool for metals and PAHs in indoor settings and can discriminate between different levels of air pollution related to urbanisation and indoor conditions, such as those characterised by school environments. A transplanted lichen biomonitoring strategy is cost-effective, “green”, educational for attending children and less “invasive” than traditional air sampling methods. The feasibility of indoor monitoring by P. furfuracea is a relevant finding and could be a key tool to improve air quality monitoring programmes in school scenarios and thus focus on health prevention interventions for children, who are one of the most susceptible groups in the population.     

乌鲁木齐市室内环境空气污染成因及防治对策

为进一步掌握室内环境空气污染状况,对乌鲁木齐市毛坯房、公共场所和居民住宅的室内环境空气质量现状进行了监测统计,并调查了居民的健康状况,分析了室内空气污染的原因。监测结果表明,乌鲁木齐市新装修房屋室内环境污染较严重。对此提出了不同污染状况的防治对策。