皇竹草厌氧发酵产沼气特性

在中温(35℃)条件下,采用批量厌氧发酵对生长期为35 d和68 d的皇竹草的发酵特性进行研究.实验结果表明,两组不同生产期的皇竹草C/N均较低,分别为14.75和17.52.经过45 d的厌氧发酵处理,生长期为35 d的皇竹草产气率为243.77ml.g-1VS,在第1天和第15天出现两个产气高峰,第45天的产气结束;生长期为68 d的皇竹草产气率为247.06 ml.g-1VS,出现4次产气高峰,第45天日产气量为512ml.生长期为35 d和68 d的皇竹草发酵液中乙酸、丙酸、丁酸含量分别为48.48%—72.71%、5.64%—22.99%、6.84%—26.71%和42.51%—64.17%、5.83%—34.20%、10.98%—34.41%,丙酸型发酵和丁酸型发酵交替进行.发酵液的pH值均先降低后升高最后保持相对稳定.皇竹草适合作为沼气发酵的原料加以利用.     

离子色谱/电导检测泡菜废水中8种有机酸

近年来,泡菜废水对环境的污染不断加剧.泡菜废水具有高盐度、高氮磷及高有机物含量的特点.泡菜的生产是以乳酸发酵为主的微生物发酵过程,含有大量有机酸.通过对有机酸的分析,可以更准确地掌握泡菜废水的化学成分.泡菜废水有机酸的测定鲜有报道.本文利用离子色谱仪通过梯度淋洗对泡菜废水中乳酸、乙酸、丙酸、甲酸、丁酸、戊酸、草酸和柠檬酸等8种有机酸进行了分析,取得了较好效果.1实验部分1.1仪器和试剂离子色谱仪ICS-900(DIONEX,美国),淋洗液发生器RFC-30,阴离子分析柱IonP ac AS11-HC(4 mm×250 mm),阴离     

中空纤维膜萃取-液相色谱法测定印染废水中芳香胺

建立了一种中空纤维膜液相微萃取的样品前处理技术,结合液相色谱法测定印染废水中芳香胺,并且优化了萃取溶剂、供体相、接收相、搅拌速度、萃取时间等前处理条件.实验结果表明,以正辛醇为萃取溶剂,0.1 mol·L-1Na OH为供体相,0.1 mol·L-1HCl为接收相时,400 r·min-1作为搅拌速度,30 min萃取后的芳香胺富集倍数可达到101—193倍,萃取效率达20.2%—38.6%.结合液相色谱检测芳香胺的线性范围为0.01—0.25 mg·L-1,检出限为1.0—2.0μg·L-1,回收率为95.2%—105.2%.表明该方法可用于检测印染废水中的芳香胺类物质.     

HS?SPME?GC/MS同时测定污废水中多种 VOCs异味物质

采用顶空固相微萃取与气相色谱质谱联用技术(HS-SPME-GC/MS),建立了快速定量分析污废水中多种挥发性有机异味物质(VOCs)的方法.VOCs异味污染物主要为含氧有机物(OVOCs)、硫醚类(VSCs)和苯系物(BTEX)等三大类.针对不同异味物质的物化性质,实验优化了HS-SPME条件,如萃取纤维涂层、萃取温度、萃取时间、盐析效应及解析时间等.研究结果表明,DVB/CAR/PDMS (50/30μm)萃取头针对三类物质的选择性最高.同时综合各类异味物质的性质,优化顶空固相微萃取实验条件为:在水样中加入20%(W/V)的NaCl,65℃孵化条件下萃取30 min,解析180 s.所建方法的多种VOCs在其各自线性范围内线性良好,R~2均大于0.98,相对标准偏差为9.8%—15.5%,检出限为4—55 ng·L~(-1),加标回收率为79.1%—108.6%.对不同污废水进行了检测,实验结果证明,此方法可满足不同污废水中多种痕量VOCs异味物质的同时检测.     

离子液体对有机染料的萃取行为

以疏水性离子液体1-甲基-3-丁基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([bmim]PF6)为萃取剂,液-液体系中对6种常见有机染料结晶紫、孔雀绿、罗丹明B、亚甲基蓝、铬天青S以及偶氮氯膦Ⅲ的萃取行为进行了研究,考察了溶液pH、萃取时间、离子液体浓度以及盐的含量对萃取率的影响.结果表明,离子液体对水中不同结构染料的萃取能力有很大差异:在pH 3—9的条件下,离子液体对结晶紫和亚甲基蓝的萃取能力很强,萃取率均在90%以上;在pH值3—5的条件下,对孔雀绿的萃取率在86%以上;在pH值为3的条件下,对罗丹明B的萃取率为94%,且酸度减小时萃取率下降;在pH 7—11时对铬天青S和偶氮氯膦Ⅲ的萃取率分别小于36%和29%,且酸度增大时萃取率下降.对各种染料均可在5—10 min内完成萃取,萃取后分相迅速,相界面清晰,无浑浊或第三相形成,有着传统有机溶剂无法比拟的优点.本研究对采用离子液体萃取净化染料废水和回收废弃燃料具有一定的参考价值.     

budC缺失对克雷伯氏菌联产3-羟基丙酸和1,3-丙二醇的影响

在利用克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)联产3-羟基丙酸和1,3-丙二醇过程中,副产物对碳流的竞争是限制产物合成的重要因素.通过将来源于大肠杆菌的醛脱氢酶基因在budC缺失型克雷伯氏菌中过表达,研究budC缺失对克雷伯氏菌联产1,3-丙二醇和3-羟基丙酸的影响.与K.pneumoniae ZG27/pUC19-aldH相比,缺失型菌株K.pneumoniae ZG40(budC?)/pUC19-aldH发酵60 h后,1,3-丙二醇和3-羟基丙酸的产量分别为64.0 mmol/L和134 mmol/L,3-羟基丙酸转化率提高了22%,副产物中除2,3-丁二醇外均有不同程度降低.本研究表明,过表达醛脱氢酶的重组克雷伯氏菌能够积累3-羟基丙酸,但在微氧发酵24 h后,1,3-丙二醇逐渐向3-羟基丙酸转化;而budC的缺失进一步促进了1,3-丙二醇向3-羟基丙酸的转化.     

低pH值下上流式厌氧污泥床反应器(UASB)以糖蜜为底物制取高纯度氢气

采用由有机玻璃制成的上流式厌氧污泥床反应器(UASB),以糖蜜废水为发酵底物,投加适量氯化铵和磷酸二氢钾,研究在低p H值下系统的产氢性能.在系统启动初期,投加碳酸氢钠控制进水p H=6.75—7.15,使系统处于中性厌氧发酵,固定进水COD为4000 mg·L~(-1),HRT=8 h.系统运行20 d后,系统处于混合型发酵类型,随后停止投加碳酸氢钠.系统经过45 d的运行,乙醇和乙酸浓度占总浓度的79.39%,而丙酸的浓度只占总浓度的10.89%,形成了稳定的典型乙醇型发酵.第65天,乙醇和乙酸的浓度分别为840.56 mg·L~(-1)、403.12 mg·L~(-1),乙醇与乙酸浓度占总浓度的93.2%,氢气含量为86.97%.在出水p H=2.81时,系统产氢性能最佳.氢气产率为2.079 mmol·L~(-1)·h~(-1),氢气产量1.12 m3·m-3·d~(-1),氢气含量91.46%,是稳定期氢气含量的1.65倍.     

协同-络合萃取法回收含酚废水中的酚类

在现有的各种回收处理高浓度含酚废水的方法中,溶剂萃取法最为有效.但现有常用脱酚萃取剂分别存在着萃取效能低等诸多缺点,萃残液中一般尚存有几十至几百mg·l~(-1)的酚类,本文提出了协同-络合萃取法,并按该法原理研制了HC-1—HC-4四类新型协同-络合萃取剂.其中HC-3和HC-4对苯酚稀溶液的萃取平衡常数分别为K_((?)C-3)=612.4和K_((?)C-4)=483.7,单级萃取可将两组中高浓度的含酚废水中酚浓度降至10mg·l~(-1)以厂,脱酚率>99%.该法为一步脱酚达标提供了可能性.     

味精工业高浓度有机废水培养苏云金芽孢杆菌的研究

利用味精工业发酵废水进行了培养苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt）以生产生物农药的实验研究.经过对废水成分分析和预处理、Bt菌种驯化、摇瓶机发酵配方正交优化实验和生物毒性测定,探讨了一条经济可行的工艺路线.该工艺在利用发酵废水生产生物农药时不会产生二次污染问题,具有较高的工业应用价值,对于其他发酵工业废水的资源化处理也有一定参考价值.     

微生物转化淀粉废水制备生物灭蚊剂

采用摇瓶发酵试验探讨了淀粉废水为原料制备微生物灭蚊剂的可行性.结果表明,无需任何预处理工序,淀粉废水可作为微生物灭蚊菌株(Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis 187菌株和Bacillus sphaericus 2362菌株)的优良发酵培养基.Bti 187和Bs 2362菌株能在淀粉废水(含固率2.5%)为唯一原料的培养基中正常生长发育,并且产孢产毒.Bti 187和Bs 2362在淀粉废水发酵42 h,活菌数分别可达7.5×108、4.5×108 CFU·mL-1;抗热性芽孢数分别可达5.1×108、2.7×108 CFU·mL-1,均显著高于常规LB培养基.与LB培养基相比,淀粉废水培养基有利于提高芽孢产率、缩短发酵周期.毒力测定表明,淀粉废水培养42 h的Bti发酵液对淡色库蚊和白纹伊蚊的LC50分别为0.78、0.87 μg·mL-1,淀粉废水培养42 h的Bs发酵液对淡色库蚊和白纹伊蚊的LC50分别为0.70、16.06 μg·mL-1,淀粉废水明显有利于Bti 187与Bs 2362菌株的产毒.本研究不仅为淀粉废水提供了高附加值的处置新途径,而且可显著降低生物灭蚊剂的生产成本,具有广阔的应用前景.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).