河南省城镇体系空间结构分形特征分析

选取分形理论中的聚集维数和关联维数计算分析了河南省城镇体系空间结构。结果显示,河南省的城镇体系空间结构具有分形特征,中心城市的影响力明显,但相对于其他地区首位城市地位有一定差距,大致呈现弱极多核心态势。各城镇之间联系紧密程度一般,通达性有明显提升。总体来说,河南省城镇规模较为均衡,城镇联系不够紧密,城镇体系功能尚未能充分发挥。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地四种植物根系分形特征分析

采用全根挖掘法,运用分形理论对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地阿克苏牛皮消、河西菊(Hexinia polydichotoma(Ostenf.)H.L.Yang)、白麻(Apocynum venetum L.)、沙拐枣(Cynanchum amplexicaule Hemsl)四种多年生野生植物根系的分支状况、分形特征与拓扑特征之间的关系进行了研究。研究发现:⑴四种植物根系分形特征较明显,分形维数大小与拓扑参数连接总数、外部连接数之间具有显著的相关关系;⑵根丰度与根系长度、平均连接长度之间具有显著的指数关系,分别可用以下方程表示:y1=2.7694e1.5496x,y2=0.036 9e2.026 7x(其中y1、y2分别为总根长、平均连接长度,R2分别为0.935 3、0.983 2)。因此,通过分形和拓扑理论对比分析了沙漠腹地4种野生植物根系的空间分形特征、资源占有能力与吸收率,有利于为沙漠腹的植物根系研究提供相关参数和一定的理论依据。     

基于分形理论的山东省城市体系非线性研究

从城市体系规模结构方面,计算了山东省城市体系的首位度指数及城市规模分布的分形维数,讨论了山东省城市体系的等级规模结构的特点.从城市体系的空间结构角度,计算了城市体系空间结构的关联维数,分析了空间结构的分形特征,最后提出了山东省城市体系的优化对策.     

吉林省城镇体系地域空间结构研究

运用分形理论对吉林省城镇体系地域空间结构的聚集维数、网格维数和关联维数进行测算和分析,表明吉林省城镇体系地域空间分布是分形的.以长春市周边城镇为研究对象,各城镇的空间分布比较均匀;近似于几何中心的长春市表现出了较好的聚集形态,表明吉林省城镇体系是以长春市为聚集中心进行自组织演化的;以省内28个主要城镇为研究对象,吉林省城镇体系在空间分布上比较分散,空间关联度较弱;以省内50个城镇为研究对象,城镇分布的总体均衡性适中.据此,提出了优化吉林省城镇体系地域空间结构的建议.     

基于RS的合肥市景观格局变化研究

利用两个时期的Landsat TM／ETM遥感影像，结合RS和GIS技术，直接从遥感图像上获得景观格局指数，对安徽省合肥市的景观格局进行了分析。揭示在快速经济发展和不断加快的城市化进程中，合肥市景观形状指数、分形维数和破碎度指数的不同变化趋势。与传统方法相比，该方法具有快速、准确、节省费用、简单易行的特点，有利于对景观格局变化进行动态监测。     

土壤分形理论的应用

介绍了分形理论的产生及发展,讨论了分形理论在土壤科学中的价值和应用。结合国内相应的研究,论述了分形理论在土壤颗粒、空隙、水特征曲线等方面的应用。     

基于分形理论的陕西省城镇体系规模与空间结构研究

应用分形理论对陕西省城镇体系进行了规模和空间结构研究。通过分析其规模结构探讨了目前该省的城镇体系特点,再应用关联维数分析了陕西省城镇体系的空间结构。其结论为：陕西城镇体系分布符合分形特征;首位分布明显;城镇规模等级体系结构不平衡;空间分布较集中,主要集中在以西安为中心的关中城市群;城镇体系结构受自然条件影响显著,导致陕北和陕南经济落后于关中。针对上述分析,提出陕西省未来的发展建议．力口快完善城镇道路体系,提高通达能力;继续推进“一线两带”建设;陕北以资源深加工为主体,做大做强煤炭、电力、油气和化工四大产业,积极发展现代农业和红色旅游;打造秦巴山区城市圈（带）和经济带．以实现关中、陕北、陕南相百但讲与其同学犀．     

历史文化名镇名村空间格局的分形演化特征及优化策略

借助网格维数测算方法,分析我国历史文化名镇名村空间格局的分形特征,揭示其内在逻辑与演变规律。结果发现：①不同时间维度的名镇名村系统均具有显著分形特征,且正逐渐由复杂分形向简单分形转变;②我国名镇名村系统经历了多点集聚向线性均衡的演变过程,其整体均衡度不断提高;③受资源条件、政策导向和公布标准等因素影响,名镇名村的空间格局经历了集聚向均衡转变期、空间均衡快速变化期、空间均衡缓慢变化期和空间均衡倒退期4个演变阶段。基于研究结论,从集聚点、线性轴和均衡面3个层面提出名镇名村空间格局的优化策略,以期助力我国历史文化名镇名村的全域保护与健康发展。     

分形理论在艾里克湖富营养化评价中的应用

准确评价艾里克湖所处的营养状态,是提出切实可行的污染防治措施的科学依据。本研究选取分形理论对艾里克湖水质进行评价,通过计算单个水质指标分维数,由最大似然分类原则确定评价分维数,并以2014年7月25日的实测水质指标代表艾里克湖平水期的水质现状,采用加权平均法求算艾里克湖多个水质指标的综合评价等级。结果表明:艾里克湖整个湖区处于中富营养化程度,水质评价结果与实际情况相符。经过艾里克湖实测水质资料的验证,分形评价法具有计算精度高、方法简单、计算量小等特点,是湖泊富营养化评价的一种较好的方法。     

基于GIS的安徽省土壤空间分布的分形特征研究

分维数和稳定性指数是土壤空间分布的重要指数。通过建立安徽省土壤的空间数据库,运用分形理论,获得安徽省土壤类型周长与面积的关系,进而计算出各类土属在空间上的分维数和稳定性指数大小,得出如下结论:①安徽省土壤图斑的周长与面积之间存在双对数函数关系,相关性系数大部分在0.9以上,证明了安徽省土壤空间分形的客观存在。②安徽省各类土壤空间分维数大小在1.1375—1.9948之间,平均值为1.6138,最大的是泥质岩砾质土,最小的是脱青湖泥田。分维数在空间分布上存在差异,总的趋势是从西北向东南逐渐变大。③各种土属的稳定性指数在1.0252—0.0124之间,平均值约为0.2324,最大的是湿潮土,最小的是砂礓黄土。     

基于分形理论的皖江城市带城镇体系结构研究

运用分形理论对皖江城市带城镇体系的规模分布和城镇空间结构进行了具体分析,得出如下结论:在城镇规模分布方面,城市规模结构分布较为集中,中等位序的城市较多,首位城市作用不显著,人口分布低水平均衡;在城镇空间结构方面,城镇之间的空间关联程度、空间相互作用一般,空间布局较分散。在此基础上,提出了未来皖江城市带城镇体系发展的相应对策。     

SOLUTE TRANSPORT IN THREE‐DIMENSIONAL SATURATED POROUS MEDIA HAVING SELF‐SIMILAR HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY DISTRIBUTION1

ABSTRACT: Customarily, it has been assumed that hydraulic conductivity is a stationary, homogeneous stochastic process with a finite variance for stochastic analysis of solute transport in the subsurface. That the distribution of hydraulic conductivity may have a fractal behavior with long range correlations was suggested from field data analyses. This motivates us to further investigate how the fractal behavior of permeability distribution impacts solute transport in porous media. This study provides longitudinal and transverse macrodispersivity coefficients and the variance of the solute concentration. Longitudinal and transverse macrodispersivity coefficients are found to depend strongly on the fractal dimension (D) of logarithmic hydraulic conductivity (logK). The longitudinal and transverse macrodispersivity coefficients are the highest when D = 1, and the values decrease monotonically to zero at D = 2. Both coefficients correspond to the characteristic length scale of the logK distribution, thus are scale dependent parameters. The ratio of the transverse to the longitudinal macrodispersivity coefficient is on the order of 10^‐1 to 10^‐4. Concentration variance also decreases with the fractal dimension of logK. There is no spatial spreading of solute for D = 2, and the concentration variance reaches zero for this case.     

山东半岛城市群等级规模结构的分形研究

运用分形理论对山东半岛城市群的等级规模结构进行了研究,借助齐夫和帕雷托公式分别测算了其分维值。结果表明,山东半岛城市群的等级规模结构比较分散,人口分布差异较大,城市群体系发育还不成熟。针对这些问题,提出了优化山东半岛城市群等级结构的对策措施,以期实现山东半岛城市群的持续、稳定、快速和健康发展。     

Integrating Landscape Ecology and Geoinformatics to Decipher Landscape Dynamics for Regional Planning

We used remote sensing and GIS in conjunction with multivariate statistical methods to: (i) quantify landscape composition (land cover types) and configuration (patch density, diversity, fractal dimension, contagion) for five coastal watersheds of Kalloni gulf, Lesvos Island, Greece, in 1945, 1960, 1971, 1990 and 2002/2003, (ii) evaluate the relative importance of physical (slope, geologic substrate, stream order) and human (road network, population density) variables on landscape composition and configuration, and (iii) characterize processes that led to land cover changes through land cover transitions between these five successive periods in time. Distributions of land cover types did not differ among the five time periods at the five watersheds studied because the largest cumulative changes between 1945 and 2002/2003 did not take place at dominant land cover types. Landscape composition related primarily to the physical attributes of the landscape. Nevertheless, increase in population density and the road network were found to increase heterogeneity of the landscape mosaic (patchiness), complexity of patch shape (fractal dimension), and patch disaggregation (contagion). Increase in road network was also found to increase landscape diversity due to the creation of new patches. The main processes involved in land cover changes were plough-land abandonment and ecological succession. Landscape dynamics during the last 50 years corroborate the ecotouristic-agrotouristic model for regional development to reverse trends in agricultural land abandonment and human population decline and when combined with hypothetical regulatory approaches could predict how this landscape could develop in the future, thus, providing a valuable tool to regional planning.     

FRACTALS AND THE RIVER-LENGTH CATCHMENT-AREA RATIO1

ABSTRACT: The fractal nature of stream-length and catchment-area measurement is investigated using eight rivers in Missouri. The fractal dimension for the length measurement was found to average 1.158 and for area to average 1.0105. These values are close to those hypothesized by Mandeibrot (1983).     

城市空气SO2浓度时间序列的混沌特征

针对我国西北地区某燃煤型城市2002年1月1日至3月31日SO2小时浓度的时间序列资料，应用混沌重构相空间理论和分形理论，探讨了不同嵌入维下时间序列关联维的变化规律，并计算了该时间序列的Kolmogorov熵和最大Lyapunov指数。结果表明，该时间序列是一混沌时间序列，其最大预测时间为19h。     

混沌、分形学应用于环境科学的实证分析与探讨

论述混沌与分形的基本特征,重点提出把混沌与分形分析方法引入环境科学中,探索环境现象变化的新途径。简述了在环境影响变迁、环境污染中的若干混沌分形实例,探讨控制解决环境混沌系统不确定性问题的思路。     

Nanoparticles in wastewater from a science-based industrial park - coagulation using polyaluminum chloride

The Hsinchu Science-based Industrial Park (HSIP) is the hi-tech manufacturing hub of Taiwan. Wastewater from the HSIP contains numerous nano-sized silicate particles whose size distributions peak at 2 and 90 nm. A 3-5 mg l(-1) as Al dose of polyaluminum chloride (PACl) was used in the field to coagulate these particles, but the removal efficiency was low. Laboratory scale tests indicated that although PACl coagulation removed 52% of the turbidity and 48% of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) from water, its effect on nano-particle removal was minimal. About 58% of the soluble COD was associated with colloidal Si particles. A light scattering test and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated that the nano-particles agglomerated in approximately linear aggregates of sizes 100-300 nm. Prolonged contact between residual PACl and the nano-particles generated large aggregates with sizes of up to 10 microm and a fractal dimension of 2.24-2.63. The results presented herein should be of interest in the processing of "high-tech" wastewater that contains nanosized silica particles.