三明铅锌矿区植物对重金属的富集特征

采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法,对福建三明典型矿区尤溪铅锌矿、大田铅锌矿以及尤溪铅锌矿冶炼厂等进行了调查,研究这些矿区重金属含量较高的区域如采矿区、尾砂库、洗矿排水沟以及铅锌矿冶炼厂厂区和排水沟冲积扇区域土壤中的Pb、Zn和Cd的含量,在此基础上,对在这些区域自然定居的16种优势植物体内的三种重金属元素的耐性、富集特性进行了分析。结果表明：该矿区的主要优势物种为禾本科和菊科植物,其中笔管草（Equisetum ramosissimum）、一年蓬（Erigeron annuus）和五节芒（Miscanthus floridulus）的地上部重金属富集量较大,对矿区周边污染土壤修复有潜在应用价值;乌蕨（Stenolomachusana）、千金子（Bochloe dactyloides）、二歧飘拂草（Fimbristylis dichotoma）、柔枝莠竹（Microctegium Vimineum）、短叶水蜈蚣（Kyllingabrevifolta）、狗娃花（Heteropappushispidus）适用于污染程度较高且植物萃取技术难以实施的重金属污染矿业废弃地。矿区植物地上部zn含量平均值最高,为1225．74mg·kg-1,植物地上部Pb含量范围在52．78-2137．11mg·kg-1,平均为521．39mg·kg-1;一年蓬地上部cd含量达到了119．51mg·kg-1,超过了超富集植物的临界值100mg·kg-1,转运系数为1．3,是潜在的Cd超富集植物。     

三明铅锌矿区植物对重金属的富集特征

采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法,对福建三明典型矿区尤溪铅锌矿、大田铅锌矿以及尤溪铅锌矿冶炼厂等进行了调查,研究这些矿区重金属含量较高的区域如采矿区、尾砂库、洗矿排水沟以及铅锌矿冶炼厂厂区和排水沟冲积扇区域土壤中的Pb、Zn和Cd的含量,在此基础上,对在这些区域自然定居的16种优势植物体内的三种重金属元素的耐性、富集特性进行了分析。结果表明:该矿区的主要优势物种为禾本科和菊科植物,其中笔管草(Equisetum ramosissimum)、一年蓬(Erigeron annuus)和五节芒(Miscanthus floridulus)的地上部重金属富集量较大,对矿区周边污染土壤修复有潜在应用价值;乌蕨(Stenoloma chusana)、千金子(Bochloe dactyloides)、二歧飘拂草(Fimbristylis dichotoma)、柔枝莠竹(Microctegium Vimineum)、短叶水蜈蚣(Kyllinga brevifolia)、狗娃花(Heteropappus hispidus)适用于污染程度较高且植物萃取技术难以实施的重金属污染矿业废弃地。矿区植物地上部Zn含量平均值最高,为1225.74mg·kg-1,植物地上部Pb含量范围在52.78～2137.11mg·kg-1,平均为521.39mg·kg-1;一年蓬地上部Cd含量达到了119.51mg·kg-1,超过了超富集植物的临界值100mg·kg-1,转运系数为1.3,是潜在的Cd超富集植物。     

铅锌冶炼厂土壤污染及重金属富集植物的研究

对株洲市铅锌冶炼厂生产区进行了植被和土壤调查。结果表明，该厂土壤污染以镉铅锌(Cd、Pb、Zn)最为严重，尤其是重金属镉在土壤中含量超过背景值高达208倍，分析原因主要是由于大气尘降和雨水淋洗等使得污染加重。实验采集并分析测定了9种植物中重金属富集量，首次报道了土荆芥是一种铅超富集植物，其体内Pb质量分数高达3888mg／kg。另一种植物商陆能大量富集镉，具有地下部向地上部转运能力强、生物量大、富集总量高的特点，有很大研究价值和应用潜力。另外，荨麻对Zn有较强富集能力，这3种植物可分别用于铅、镉和锌等3种重金属污染土壤的植物修复。     

锰超积累植物——水蓼

超积累植物筛选是重金属污染土壤植物修复的基础和核心问题,同时也是重金属污染环境植物修复的难点及前沿。本文通过野外调查与营养液模拟试验相结合的方法,初次发现并证实水蓼(Polygonum hydropiper L)是一种锰超积累植物。野外调查结果表明,生长在土壤锰含量为2000mg·kg-1的水蓼,叶部锰的富集量可达3675.89mg·kg-1,且转移系数为1.37。营养液模拟培养试验证实,当营养液中锰的浓度为5000μmol·L-1时,水蓼植株生长正常,但叶中锰含量超过了10000mg·kg-1,达到了锰超积累植物应达到的临界含量标准,水蓼地上部富集系数高达19.41(大于1),转移系数为1.05(也大于1)。当营养液中锰的浓度为15000μmol·L-1时,水蓼叶、根和茎三部分的锰含量均达到最大值,分别为24447.17mg·kg-1、11574.47mg·kg-1和10343.52mg·kg-1。这一发现为锰污染土壤和水体的植物修复提供了一种新的可能的种质资源。     

湖南南部铅锌矿区铅锌富集植物筛选研究

在湖南省桂阳县铅锌矿区采用调查和室内分析相结合的方法,采集植物和土壤样品112个,分别测定了土壤和植物样品的铅锌含量,筛选铅锌富集植物。结果表明：矿区土壤铅锌污染十分严重,矿区土壤铅和锌的平均质量分数分别为：2177.22、3165.89 mg·kg^-1。植物样品根系的铅锌质量分数分别为：264.00、666.11 mg·kg^-1,地上部铅锌质量分数平均为165.56、363.87 mg·kg^-1,植物根系的铅锌含量与土壤的铅锌含量呈显著正相关。通过对比分析,以地上部铅质量分数大于450 mg·kg^-1、锌质量分数大于750 mg·kg^-1、转运系数大于1、植物地上部形态高大为筛选条件,筛选出5种铅富集植物分别是：糯米团（Hyrtanandra）、水蓼（Polygonum hydropiper）、酸模（RumexacetosaLinn）、毛叶堇菜（Viola verecumda A.Gray）、地榆（Garden Burnet Root）;3种锌富集植物分别是：鬼针草（Bidens pilosa L.）、博落回（Macleaya cordata（Willd.） R. Brown）和糯米团;糯米团茎叶的铅锌质量分数分别为635.48、919.51 mg·kg^-1,可作为铅锌复合污染土壤修复的备选植物品种。     

基因工程改良植物对重金属污染土壤的修复

利用基因工程改良植物，调整植物吸收、运输和富集重金属的能力以及它们对重金属的耐受性，开拓了植物修复的新领域。到目前为止，已有成功改变这些特性的少数例子。例如，汞离子还原酶可以改善植物抵抗力和提取能力，金属巯基蛋白可增强植物对镉的耐受力，铁还原酶和铁蛋白可增加植物对铁的吸收量。文章综述和讨论了这方面的研究进展及方向。     

关于超富集植物的新理解

长期以来重金属超富集植物定义存在着严重的不足，新的评价系数的提出势在必行。文章在生物富集系数和转运系数的基础上创造性地提出了新的评价系数即生物富集量系数，其内涵为给定生长期内单位面积地上部分植物吸收的重金属总量与土壤含量之比。此系数的提出扩大了传统超富集植物的定义，使得富集质量分数未达某一水平，但生物量很大的植物也能作为超富集植物。这为今后超富集植物的筛选提供了一定的参考，为土壤重金属污染的植物修复工程提供了理论基础。     

稀土尾矿区土壤重金属污染与优势植物累积特征

矿山废弃地不仅占用大量土地,而且还是严重的污染源,因此,矿山废弃地的生态恢复己成为一项紧迫而重要的研究课题。对广东省河源市和平县下车镇内的稀土矿区土壤的重金属污染情况进行调查,并对该区优势植物对重金属的富集特征进行分析,以期对稀土尾矿区的生态系统的恢复和重建提供理论依据。主要研究的3种植物分别是：马唐草（Digitaria sanguinalis）,香根草（Vetiveria zizanioides）,望江南（Cassia occidentalis）。采用原子吸收分光光度法测定稀土矿区废弃地土壤和植被中Mn、Pb、Zn的含量,并计算优势植物对重金属的生物富集系数BAC（Biological Accumulating Coefficient）和生物转移系数BTC（Biological Transfer Coefficient）。结果表明：研究区域的土壤中重金属含量Mn、Pb、Zn的平均含量均超出广东省土壤背景值和中国土壤背景值,土壤受Mn污染最严重,其次是Pb、Zn的污染。3种草本植物对于Pb的BAC和BTC均小于1,说明这3种植物对Pb的富集和运输能力都很弱。香根草对于Mn和Zn的BAC分别为0.9和0.4,小于1,BTC分别为3.7和1.1,大于1,说明香根草对Mn和Zn的富集能力不强,但吸收后的运输能力很强。马唐草和望江南2种植物对于Mn和Zn的BAC和BTC均大于1,说明它们对重金属Mn和Zn具有较强的吸收和转移能力,是Mn和Zn的超富集植物。马唐草覆盖率高,抗病虫能力强,可作为该矿区生态恢复的先锋植物,望江南可以间作种植。     

微小铅锌矿区土壤和植物重金属污染特征及风险评价

对华东某微小型铅锌矿点周边农田土壤和植物进行采样调查,结合不同土壤剖面土壤样品,分析、评价其土壤和植物中重金属的污染特征,并探讨蔬菜中重金属对当地居民的潜在健康风险.结果表明,矿点周边土壤受到不同程度的重金属污染,单因子污染指数法评价结果显示镉的污染程度最严重,所采集的11个土壤样品中有1个样点属中度污染,其余均属重度污染.对污染程度最低的剖面土壤进行分析后发现,研究区内较高的土壤重金属含量主要与采矿活动有关,同时也受到土壤母质的影响.研究区内农作物均受到不同程度的镉和铅污染,长期食用当地生产的蔬菜可引起潜在的人体健康风险,种植桑树(Morus alba)是当地污染农田的合理利用模式之一.     

表面活性剂强化重金属污染植物修复的可行性

表面活性剂因具有亲水亲脂的两亲性，已被广泛用来治理环境污染。利用表面活性剂强化植物萃取土壤重金属的可行性，是建立在表面活性剂、重金属、土壤、植物等四者之问的关系基础上的。文章根据乳化液膜分离、胶团强化超滤、金属液泡吸收等技术探讨了表面活性剂与重金属的关系。表面活性剂在其浓度超过临界胶束浓度时，在溶液中形成胶团，通过静电吸附与超滤，去除溶液中的重金属。超滤技术与ξ电位的试验结果确定了表面活性剂与土壤的关系，即土壤界面的吸附和金属缔合后，通过降低表面张力和增流作用解吸被吸附的金属。细胞膜透性学说揭示了表面活性剂与植物的关系．即表面活性剂改变生物膜的结构和透性，促使植物对重金属的吸收。开发环境友好性的生物表面活性剂是该研究领域的前沿方向。     

Heavy metal migration in soils and rocks at historical smelting sites

The vertical migration of metals through soils and rocks was investigated at five historical lead smelting sites ranging in age between 220 and 1900 years. Core samples were taken through metal-contaminated soils and the underlying strata. Concentration profiles of lead and zinc are presented from which values for the distances and rates of migration have been derived. Slag-rich soil horizons contain highly elevated metal concentrations and some contamination of underlying strata has occurred at all sites. However, the amounts of lead and zinc that have migrated from soils and been retained at greater depths are comparatively low. This low metal mobility in contaminated soils is partly attributed to the elevation of soil pH by the presence of calcium and carbonate originating from slag wastes and perhaps gangue minerals. Distances and rates of vertical migration were higher at those sites with soils underlain by sandstone than at those with soils underlain by clay. For sites with the same parent material, metal mobility appears to be increased at lower soil pH. The mean migration rates for lead and zinc reach maxima of 0.75 and 0.46 cm yr^–1 respectively in sandstone at Bole A where the elements have moved mean distances of 4.3 and 2.6 m respectively. There is some evidence that metal transport in the sandstone underlying Bole A and Cupola B occurs preferentially along rock fractures. The migration of lead and zinc is attenuated by subsurface clays leading to relatively low mean migration rates which range from 0.03 to 0.31 cm yr^–1 with many values typical of migration solely by diffusion. However, enhanced metal migration in clays at Cupola A suggest a preferential transport mechanism possibly in cracks or biopores.     

Heavy metal pollution in soil and plants at bone char site

This study determined the heavy metal concentration in soil and plants at a bone char site in Umuahia, Nigeria. Soil and plant samples collected in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) were analyzed for zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and arsenic (As). The concentration of metals in soil and plants in the vicinity of the bone char site are as follows: Zn (172?mg?kg^?1) and Ni (0.62?mg?kg^?1) in soil were highest at site P₃, Pb (2.37?mg?kg^?1) and As (0.08?mg?kg^?1) at site P₁, and Cd (18.30?mg?kg^?1) at site P₂. In plants, the concentrations of Zn (41.17?mg?kg^?1) and Cd (3?mg?kg^?1) were highest in Albizia ferruginea, Ni in Dialium guineense (0.09?mg?kg^?1), while Pb was in D. guineense (0.08?mg?kg^?1) and Spathodea companulata (0.06?mg?kg^?1). The levels of Zn, Cd, Pb, Ni, and As in soil ranged from 11.2 to 172, 2.68 to 18.2, 0.026 to 2.37, 0.33 to 0.62, and 0.02 to 0.08?mg?kg^?1, respectively. In plants, the concentration of Zn, Cd, Pb, and Ni ranged from 2.01 to 41.17, 0.12 to 3, 0.02 to 0.08, and 0.03 to 0.09?mg?kg^?1, respectively. There were significant correlations between Zn and Cd, and Pb and As in soil. The high concentration of Cd in soil might affect soil productivity.     

湘中某冶炼区农田土壤重金属污染及生态风险评价

利用野外采样与实验室分析相结合的方法,以湘中某冶炼区稻田土壤(0—20 cm)为研究对象,分析其中的Cd、Zn及Pb含量,评价其重金属污染程度与潜在生态风险.单因子污染评价结果表明,100%的土壤样点Cd处于重度污染;有96.0%的样点Zn处于重度污染,有99.5%的样点Pb处于重度污染,土壤的重金属污染程度为Cd>Pb>Zn.潜在生态风险评估结果显示,大多数样点Zn处于轻度生态风险;Pb每个生态风险级别的样点都有,其中处于强生态风险样点居多;100%的样点Cd处于极强生态风险水平.综合潜在生态风险表明,11.0%样点综合潜在生态风险达到很强水平,89.0%样点综合潜在生态风险处于极强水平.上述各项指标综合表明,湘中某冶炼区农田土壤受到了严重的重金属污染.     

Heavy metal contamination of soils at old mining sites on Thasos Island,Greece

Thasos Island has a long history of metalliferous mining, the first mining activities having been initiated by the Phoenicians during the seventh century. The mineralogy of the mineralisation includes primary minerals (galena, sphalerite) and secondary oxidised minerals (smithsonite, cerussite). In the soils studied only secondary minerals were found. Clay minerals (kaolinite, illite, montmorillonite, mixed layer clays), plagioclase, calcite and dolomite are also present in the soils. Contamination derived from the old mining sites results in extremely high levels of Pb, Zn, Mn, Fe, As, Sb, Ag, Cd in soils in the vicinity of the old workings. Since many of the Thasos mining sites are in, or adjacent to, areas of agricultural land, plants growing on the polluted sous have increased concentrations of heavy metals. This may well have a possible effect on livestock.     

Heavy metal accumulation by plant species from a coal mining area in Orissa

An ecological survey was undertaken on metal contamination (Cu, Fe, Al, Cr) of vegetation (tree, shrub and herb) collected from the overburden soil of South Bolanda, Talcher, Orissa. Stem and leaf parts of the trees and shrubs, and whole plant of the herbs were analysed. Concentrations of metals were the maximum in leafy part of trees and shrub samples. Among the various heavy metals studied, Fe concentration in plant parts was the highest and Cu concentration was the lowest.     

Heavy metal concentration in soil and woody plants in a quarry

This study determined the concentration of three heavy metals zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) in soil and in a woody plant species, Milicia excelsa, at Ishiagu quarry, Nigeria. The highest soil concentrations of Zn, Pb, and Cd in soil were obtained at 1?m from the quarry site. In M. excelsa, the highest concentrations of Zn, Pb, and Cd were 3.12–9.1, 3.9–6.01, and 0.51–1.12?mg?kg^?1, respectively. There were significant positive correlations between Cd and Zn (r?=?0.963) and Cd and Pb (r?=?0.974) in plants as well as between Cd and Pb (r?=?9.84) in soil. The level of Cd in soil reflected significant pollution compared to average global concentrations in soils.     

不同湿地植物的根系酸化作用与重金属吸收

为研究不同湿地植物根系分泌物对水体的酸化能力与重金属吸收积累能力间的关系,选用六种对废水中重金属吸收能力较强的湿地植物进行了盆栽实验.这六种湿地植物分别是:稗(Echinochloa crus-galli)、空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)、茭笋(Zizania latifolia)、鸭舌草(Monochoria vaginalis)、柳叶箬(Isachne globosa)、辣蓼(Polygonum hydropiper).研究结果表明,不同种类的植物对水体的酸化能力存在明显差异,水体pH差异最大可达0.85个单位;不同湿地植物间对重金属的吸收积累能力有显著差异,而且在重金属积累量方面的差异明显高于重金属浓度方面的差异.相关分析表明,不同湿地植物水体pH与植株重金属积累量之间存在较好的负相关关系,相关系数达到或接近P0.05显著水平.研究结果说明,湿地植物对废水中重金属的吸收积累能力在相当大的程度上取决于其根系分泌物对水体的酸化能力.