防震减灾公益服务短信技术平台设计与实现

提出并设计了防震减灾公益服务短信技术平台的总体思路、系统框架、关键环节和各项功能。该平台首次基于无线公网、综合应用短信技术、GPRS技术、GPS技术和GIS技术,以及地震现场灾情文字和图像信息的获取、定位与综合分析,以及移动信息发布与服务等。该平台的技术实现已经在国务院抗震救灾指挥部和部分区域中心作为业务系统运行多年,在历次地震中发挥了重要的作用。     

基于物联网技术的滑坡监测数据自动采集系统研究∗

针对传统滑坡监测数据采集系统布线困难、自动化程度低、成本高等问题,设计了一种基于物联网技术的滑坡监测数据自动采集系统。该系统以 ZigBee 无线传感器网络、无线通信技术为核心,通过布置在滑坡体上的传感器节点采集数据。利用 ZigBee 协议和互联网将数据实时传输到监控中心,使相关工作人员及时掌握滑坡体信息。 以三峡库区八字门滑坡为例,分析了该滑坡当前监测手段的不足,建立了八字门滑坡的物联网监测系统,分别对系统的硬件组成和软件程序进行设计。针对节点能量供应和数据远程传输问题,提出将太阳能供电系统和北斗短报文模块应用到数据采集系统来弥补野外条件的不足。结合八字门滑坡的地形地质条件,优化了滑坡测点的布置方案,并开发了数据采集界面以实现监测数据的自动采集和直观显示。     

基于GPRS数据传输的滑坡位移实时监测系统

介绍了采用差分全球定位系统（GPS）定位、单片微机数据采集和控制、通用分组无线业务（GPRS）等技术构建的一套具有实时数据采集和处理能力的远程滑坡位移监测系统。监测试验表明,系统监测误差小于1cm（单频GPS,垂直方向）,并具备突发崩塌报警功能。     

山体和滑坡灾害的传感网络预警技术研究

提出一种新的山体和滑坡灾害的传感网络预警方法,由传感监测网络层WSN、GPRS接入层以及监控中心,构建山体和滑坡灾害传感网络预警体系,利用GPRS联网实现传感数据的远程传输,GPRS网关将监测数据上传到监控中心,监控中心基于监测数据实现山体和滑坡灾害的可视化呈现和警示;使用节点异常特征提取方式对比鉴别异常节点区域,采用分区域异常节点定位算法检测异常节点区域中的网络异常节点,实现山体和滑坡灾害的准确预警。     

宁夏输电线路特殊地段运维可视化管控系统

为确保宁夏地区地区“三跨”、鸟害外力破坏等特殊地段输电线路的安全高效运行,构建了由主站层、网络层和终端层组成的三层系统构架,将视频监测终端和图像监测终端的监测数据通过无线APN专网进行传输至后台的输电线路可视化运维管控系统,从而实现故障综合研判、作业现场隐患智能管控及大数据综合分析决策等目的,大大提高运维的便利化、智能化。前期试验第一阶段运行效果说明了本系统是一套能实时有效预防重大事故发生的预警系统。     

滑坡地质灾害应急处置技术研究进展∗

滑坡在我国分布范围广、发生频率高,严重威胁人民的生命财产安全和国家重大工程建设及其长期运营.为减轻滑坡地质灾害,实现防灾减灾救灾效益最大化,亟需开发更有效的滑坡地质灾害应急处置技术.对滑坡地质灾害应急处置技术的研究现状进行系统总结,包括应急抢险技术、应急治理技术、特殊工程应急处置技术和应急监测预警技术,指出当前存在的主要问题和进一步发展方向,以期推动我国滑坡地质灾害应急处置技术的快速发展和行业工作的规范化,为防灾减灾救灾工作提供有益参考.     

地质灾害预警预报信息发布系统——基于ANN和GIS的新一代发布系统

针对现有地质灾害预测预报信息发布系统所存在的不足,提出了基于WebGIS的新一代突发性地质灾害预警信息网络发布框架(NEW),它由灾害预测系统、WebGIS系统和监测及地质灾害信息获取系统3部分组成.研制了浙江省滑坡地质灾害预报预警信息网络发布系统(LAPS_IMS).实际测试和应用表明:LAPS_IMS通过发布现势的、准确的和直观的灾情信息,实现了多部门信息资源的共享,提高了公众参与度,为政府决策提供了强有力的技术支撑;同时,证明了NEW框架的正确性、有效性和合理性.     

多方法检测的变电设备状态监测装置校验技术

针对目前变电设备状态监测装置入网检测缺乏检测手段和标准体系,导致状态监测数据缺乏可靠性和有效性问题,对变电设备状态监测终端校验方法进行研究,提出了基于多种.方法集成的变电设备状态监测装置校验技术,研制了可对变电设备状态监测装置进行入网检验、远程校验的校验平台。应用结果表明:运用该平台能够在状态监测装置入网之前就发现其缺.陷并加以消除,实现了对状态监测装置通信规约的一致性检测,保证了在线监测系统的稳定、可靠运行。     

基于三维GIS的地质灾害信息查询统计系统设计与实现

基于应用三维地理信息技术构建的地质灾害业务应用和数据集成平台,根据地质灾害防治工作对地质灾害信息查询统计的实际需求,设计开发了地质灾害查询统计系统。该系统实现了以灾害点为核心的地质灾害、群测群防、专业监测等信息的一体化集成和查询统计分析。通过查询统计分析获取的地质灾害相关信息,可以图形、统计报表或多媒体等方式输出。     

基于GIS的陕西省地质灾害信息系统设计

GIS技术在灾害研究中的应用日益广泛,GIS强大的空间分析功能和海量数据管理优势为地质灾害数据的管理分析、动态监测、机理模拟、预测预报、辅助决策提供了强有力的支持.本文从陕西地质灾害分析入手,设计了基于GIS的地质灾害信息系统,并对系统目标、系统总体设计、系统功能进行了分析.该系统可为陕西省地质灾害的管理和防治提供科学依据,减少经济损失.     

从地震速报质量看江苏地震速报系统的进步

通过对 1986年以来逐年地震速报质量分析比较 ,回顾了江苏地震速报系统的进步 ,并得到两点认识 :1 地震观测系统建设的进步是提高地震速报水平的基础 ,2 加强地震速报队伍的建设是提高地震速报水平的保障。     

Telecommunications in Israeli field hospitals deployed to three crisis zones

A field hospital overseas requires various types of communication equipment. This study presents the communications equipment used by three Israeli field hospital delegations to earthquake sites at Adapazari, Turkey, in 1999, Port‐au‐Prince, Haiti, in 2010 and Minamisanriku, Japan, in 2011. The delegations to Turkey and Haiti were relatively large (105–230 personnel) and were on the site early (three to four days after each event). The 55‐person delegation to Japan arrived later and was established as an outpatient community hospital. Standard military VHF radios were the only effective tool up to 5 km, until cellular coverage was regained (1–2 weeks after each event). International communication was good. While short‐wave communication (telephone and Internet) was used in Turkey, a direct satellite channel was set up in Haiti. In Japan, BGAN Inmarsat provided efficient Wi‐Fi for all needs. Motorola walkie talkies were not efficient beyond the immediate vicinity. This paper recommends continued use of military‐specification equipment alongside newer modalities, particularly in situations where infrastructure is damaged.     

Facilitating disaster preparedness through local radio broadcasting

The 2008 Disaster Mitigation Preparedness (DMP) study took place in Aceh province, Indonesia. It sought to help develop radio programmes and messages to increase resilience to disasters. The role of radio was evaluated during and after the 2004 Asian tsunami disaster. The study team interviewed 984 tsunami survivors from nine sub-districts of Banda Aceh, and local nongovernmental organisations convened eight focus groups around the area of Aceh Besar. Six key informant interviews were held with government disaster management agencies. The DMP survey is the first of its kind to interview a representative random sample of Banda Aceh residents. It reveals the importance of community and social networks, during disaster situations, when essential communications are down. A disaster warning information system based on a multi-media approach needs to be developed. The wider community should be involved in the planning, education and training of Banda Aceh and Aceh Besar residents to facilitate appropriate personal and community survival strategies.     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.