大连港的未来环境和污染防治对策

本文叙述了大连港的环境质且现状，包括大气和海域的环境质量现状以及主要污染源的控制和污染现状，预测了大连港的未来环境状况井提出了环境保护规划与污染防治对策，包括煤尘、粉尘、烟尘等大气污染防治措施和港区海域的污染防治对策。     

浅谈通化市大气污染防治存在的问题及对策

近年来,为改善通化市的环境空气质量,通化市政府不断加大对大气污染的防治力度,关停治理了一批超标准排放的工业污染源,加快淘汰高污染燃料改燃清洁能源步伐,强力推进燃煤锅炉拆除工作,积极推行集中供热、集中供气,推广使用清洁能源,控制烟尘污染,加大机动车尾气排放治理及城市扬尘治理工作,市区环境空气质量得到明显改善,大气污染防治取得了明显的成效。本文分析了通化市大气污染防治工作的基本情况、和存在的主要问题,并提出了进一步治理大气污染的对策。     

廊坊地区大气污染现状及防治对策研究

近年来,随着城市环保力度加大和公众环保意识增强,廊坊市采取综合治理措施以改善环境空气质量。文章对廊坊地区大气污染现状进行研究,并提出综合防治对策。结果表明,2015-2019年廊坊市环境空气质量综合指数逐年降低,达标天数逐年增加,重污染天数逐年减少。采取措施包括：调整产业结构、强化臭氧污染协同控制、优化运输结构、调整能源结构、加强扬尘面源治理和提高大气污染防治的公众参与度等。     

唐山市大气污染状况及治理对策研究

根据对2012年唐山市大气污染的主要监测指标分析及对市内主要污染源的调查,研究了唐山市大气污染状况和形成原因,并根据实际情况提出了改善大气污染的治理对策。     

兰州市大气环境污染现状及治理对策研究

以 1997～ 2 0 0 0年兰州市大气污染的主要监测指标和污染源调查为依据 ,对兰州市大气环境质量现状进行了系统分析 ,分析了兰州市大气污染现状和趋势以及导致大气污染严重的原因。根据研究结果 ,提出了改善大气污染的防治对策。     

兴化市大气环境现状及防治对策研究

兴化市的大气环境面临着十分严峻的形势.在分析兴化市大气环境现状的基础上,总结出兴化市大气主要污染物的种类,它们主要是细颗粒物、可吸入颗粒物、二氧化氮、一氧化碳、臭氧、二氧化硫;这些大气污染源主要包括能源消耗、工业废气、机动车尾气、生活及农业废气,这些废气对环境带来了严重的干扰,并且有针对性的提出了控制大气污染的对策建议.具体措施包括优化能源结构、整治污染源、治理机动车和扬尘污染、加强秸秆禁烧工作,达到防治与综合利用的并举.     

长三角地区灰霾天气特征分析及防治对策研究

随着长三角地区城市化进程的迅速发展,区域大气污染加剧,灰霾天气也随之增多,且日趋严重与复杂。综述了长三角地区主要城市灰霾天气的年际变化与月际变化、大气颗粒物特性、灰霾成因,指出长三角地区的灰霾呈现明显的区域性,并提出了健全法律法规、建立联防联控、实施区域灰霾预警机制、加强工业污染源防治、加大机动车尾气治理等灰霾防治对策,政府、企业与公众都必须参与到灰霾天气的防治中来,只有通过全民参与才能从根本上改善区域的大气质量。     

国外动态

英国环境部制定了新的环境保护法。新法的特征,是将过去颁布的大气污染防治法、水质污染防治法、废弃物处理法等归纳在一起,形成完整的环境保护法,并加强对违反者的处罚。新的环保法概要如下:1.要求采用经济上合理的最有效的技术,作为防治大气、水质、土壤等污染的对策;2.扩大地方的权限,对过去不进行控制的小型污染源也采取环境污染防治对策;3.公开地方实施的环境污染防治对策的现状;控制对象也包括过去不太重视的污染物,从大气污染防治装置中排出的有害物质、放射性废弃物等;4.废弃物处理被列为重点,不仅废弃物排放的企业对防止环境污染负有责任,而且运输企业、处理企业也对此负责。对违反者课以高额罚金。例如,未经     

"2+26"城市大气污染防治对策和治理效果分析——以鹤壁市为例

"2+26"城市作为京津冀大气污染传输通道城市,是京津冀大气污染的重污染源排放区,也是我国大气污染治理的重要区域。鹤壁市作为"2+26"城市之一,通过基于污染特征所确定的大气污染防治政策措施的施行,2016年以来大气环境质量得到了明显改善。本文基于鹤壁市大气污染物的行业特征,对大气污染防治的具体对策和治理效果进行了分析,并针对现状问题提出应通过进一步控制本地工业排放和区域联防联控相结合的方法,降低PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)的排放,同时,针对臭氧排放逐年增加的趋势,建议将重点控制臭氧前体物排放作为其治理工作重点。     

城市大气污染与防治策略探析

大气污染作为严重的城市污染类型,所带来的危害是相当严重的。而二氧化硫、烟尘、氮氧化物等作为大气污染的关键要素,让城市大气质量不断恶化。高度重视城市大气污染,进一步认识与了解城市大气污染是当前的首要任务,还需不断摸索出科学的综合防治措施。本文在分析城市大气污染危害与现状基础上,提出城市大气污染防治策略。第一,科学调整能源结构,找出更多清洁新能源;第二,根据环境气体排放标准,严控大气污染源;第三,转变传统粗放工艺生产模式,降低大气污染;第四,完善城市大气污染治理相关法律法规制度,用法律来监督大气环境治理;第五,加强城市绿化工作建设,调节、防治大气污染。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.