好氧颗粒污泥同步脱氮除磷的常温启动和低温维持

为了考察好氧颗粒污泥(aerobic granular sludge,AGS)同步脱氮除磷(simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal,SNPR)能力,以及在低温条件下的适应情况,采用2个SBR反应器(命名为A、B)以厌氧/好氧方式处理实际生活污水,历时254 d.反应器以沉淀时间为选择压,均在20 d内培养获得AGS,在第42 d加入不同附加碳源(分别为丙酸钠+乙酸钠和葡萄糖),调节COD∶N∶P的比例约为360∶60∶6,2个反应器均获得了夏秋季4个月长期稳定的SNPR效果,A的出水NH4+-N、TIN和PO43--P平均去除率分别为98.42%、74.25%和94.79%,B的出水NH4+-N、TIN和PO43--P平均去除率分别为99.45%、75.96%和95.60%;在低温的影响下,2个反应器分别经35 d4、9 d逐渐恢复了稳定的SNPR效果,之后A的出水NH4+-N、TIN和PO43--P平均去除率分别为96.33%、79.49%和99.68%,B的出水NH4+-N、TIN和PO43--P平均去除率则分别为93.85%、76.44%和98.44%....     

三种填料对模拟河水中氮磷吸附性能对比

以沸石、陶粒和火山岩3种填料为研究对象,研究了其对模拟河水中NH4+-N和PO43--P的吸附性能与吸附类型.结果表明:3种填料对NH4+-N和PO43--P的吸附在4h内基本达到平衡,且对NH4+-N和PO43 --P的吸附最均随着进水浓度和温度的提高而增大.沸石对NH4+-N的吸附效果最好,理论饱和吸附量为29 7...     

MAP法处理高浓度氨氮废水的影响因素分析

MAP法即磷酸铵镁沉淀法,是一种比较新颖有效的处理氨氮废水的方法,该方法是通过化学沉淀的方式使废水中的氨氮浓度降到很低,其基木原理是向含NH^4^＋废水中投加Mg^2＋和PO4^3-使之和NH4^＋生成难溶复盐MgNH。PO4·6H2O（简称MAP）结晶,然后通过重力沉淀,使MAP从废水中分离,而且沉淀反应不受温度、水中毒素的限制。文章介绍了MAP法处理高浓度氨氮废水的反应机理,分析了PH值、反应温度、反应时间、反应物配比等因素对反应的影响,综合分析最终得出：pH在9左右、温度25℃-30℃、反应物物质的量之比在1：1：1左右氨氮去除率效果较好,氨氮去除率达到90％以上。     

前处理对猪场废水厌氧段氮磷降解影响研究

猪场废水经过厌氧处理后,水中溶解性NH_4~+-N、PO_4~(3-)-P浓度升高造成后续处理负荷增大,是目前猪场废水难以达标排放的主要原因。该文用MAP沉淀法对猪场废水氮磷进行前处理后,进一步通过批式厌氧发酵实验详细地对比沉淀后尾水与原水厌氧效果,研究结果表明,在药剂量P:Mg:N摩尔比1:1:4.0和溶液pH值9.0条件下MAP沉淀后废水氮磷去除率分别达到35.7%、93.7%以上;厌氧后沉淀尾水发酵液中NH_4~+-N、PO_4~(3-)-P浓度可比原废水发酵液分别降低437、55.1 mg/L,并且COD去除率提高10.3%以上,因此MAP沉淀技术对猪场废水氮磷实施厌氧前控制具有可行性,而且显著改善厌氧处理效果。     

GFH用于提高再生水回用景观水水质研究

研究了再生水回用于景观水体过程中,GFH(granulated ferric hydroxide)对磷、DOM和氮等污染物的吸附去除机制.结果表明,GFH对磷的去除效果最显著,TP浓度为0.059～0.725mg/L、PO34--P浓度为0.004～0.684mg/L的进水,GFH出水能够实现TP0.05mg/L(去除率91.1%)、PO43--P0.023mg/L(去除率95.4%);GFH优先去除DOM中大分子的腐殖酸,实现对DOM28.5%的去除率,同时提高DOM的芳香性;由于GFH和臭氧的强氧化性,再生水中NH4+-N和NO2--N可发生硝化反应,NH4+-N平均去除率达37.3%,NO2--N平均去除率达59%.     

固定化藻菌流化床光生物反应器处理饮料废水

在自制的流化床光生物反应器中加入固定化藻菌小球来处理饮料废水,主要探讨了反应器中气速、液速以及固定化藻菌小球密度对系统去处效率的影响。在平均停留时间为6h,光照强度为4000lx,温度为室温,试验结果表明:COD的去除率最高可达到91.8%,NH+4-N的去除率最高可达到89.4%,对BOD、PO43--P的去除率也达到较好的效果,分别达到72.1%～85.5%和59.5%～68.0%。     

A/DAT-IAT生物膜工艺与活性污泥法处理高含盐废水对比试验

主要研究A/DAT-IAT(前置厌氧/好氧-间歇曝气池)生物膜工艺的启动,并将该工艺处理高含盐废水的结果与活性污泥法进行比较。结果表明,在总水力停留时间(HRT)为13.5h、pH=7.5、25℃、含盐量为60g/L(以NaCl计)的条件下,A/DAT-IAT生物膜工艺的启动时间为8d,比活性污泥法缩短了10d左右。待反应器运行稳定后,A/DAT-IAT生物膜工艺对CODCr、NH4+-N、PO43--P的去除率分别为80.3%、79.0%、92.4%,反应器内微生物量为11.3g/L;A/DAT-IAT生物膜工艺与活性污泥法相比,CODCr、NH4+-N、PO43--P去除率分别提高了5.8%、11.2%、16.9%,微生物量增加了3.1g/L。     

SBR中反硝化聚磷菌的培养驯化研究

以某污水处理厂活性污泥作为种泥、生活污水作为原水,采用间歇反应器进行反硝化聚磷菌的培养驯化研究。结果表明,以进水-闲置-厌氧-缺氧-沉淀-排水的运行方式运行40d后,出水PO43--P的浓度稳定在0.2mg/L以下,去除率达95%;出水NH4+-N浓度稳定在8mg/L以下,去除率达90%。NO3--N的消耗量和PO43--P的吸收量呈线性关系,表明采用间歇反应器进行反硝化菌的培养驯化是可行的。     

化学沉淀法去除水中氨氮的试验研究

研究进行了用Mg2 + 、Mn2 + 分别与PO4 3- 作用去除NH4 + N的试验研究 ,探讨其化学反应机理 ,确定了最佳投药比、反应pH和Mg2 + 、Mn2 + 的协同效应 ,并对广州李坑垃圾填埋场渗滤液中NH4 + N进行了处理 ,其中最大NH4 + N去除率达 96 .1 %。     

太湖蓝藻水华衰亡对沉积物氮、磷释放的影响

在太湖草型区、藻型区及河口区采集原状泥柱进行加藻培养实验,监测培养过程中溶解氧(DO)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH4+-N)、磷酸根(PO43--P)等相关指标的变化.结果表明,蔽光培养导致加藻体系中蓝藻大量死亡,形成水体极度缺氧环境(DO接近0),沉积物氮、磷释放量改变,上覆水NH4+-N、PO43--P...     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.