多因素共同作用对中温条件下污泥与餐厨垃圾联合厌氧发酵产H2的影响

污泥与餐厨垃圾联合厌氧发酵产H₂既可减少环境污染,又可制备清洁能源,是一种理想的有机固废处理处置技术。通过4因素5水平正交设计的批式实验及产氢动力学,探究餐厨垃圾C/N、混合体系C/N、含水率、初始pH值4个主要因素共同作用对中温条件下污泥餐厨垃圾联合厌氧发酵产H₂的影响。极差与方差分析结果表明：4个主要因素对联合厌氧发酵产H₂结果影响较明显,而餐厨垃圾C/N和混合体系C/N的交互作用对产H₂结果的影响不显著。不考虑交互作用,以比氢气产量为产H₂效能主要表征指标,最终确定餐厨垃圾C/N为20,联合发酵体系C/N为10,初始pH值为7,含水率为90%时,产H₂效能最佳,此时的累积产氢量为1499.6 mL,比氢气产量为140.96 mL H₂/g DS,最大产氢速率为21.73 mL H₂/h,最大H₂浓度为55.79%。     

餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵沼液处理技术的现状与展望

餐厨垃圾经过厌氧发酵产生的沼液是一种高浓度有机废水,兼具污染成分复杂、气味难闻、富含氮磷钾元素、肥效优异等特征。因此需采取合理的处理技术,实现沼液的达标排放或回收利用。餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵沼液的处理有两种方向,第一种是通过预处理+生化处理+深度处理工艺,实现厌氧发酵沼液的达标排放。第二种是通过资源化利用技术对厌氧发酵沼液进行再利用。厌氧发酵沼液的合理处置对餐厨垃圾行业的发展、人民的生活、环境的保护等具有重要意义,餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵沼液的资源化利用将成为更符合未来可持续发展理念的处理方式。     

不同湿热预处理条件对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产氢的影响

采用湿热水解技术处理餐厨垃圾,研究不同湿热预处理温度与时间下餐厨垃圾w(VS)(VS为挥发性固体)、ρ(CODs_Cr)(CODs为溶解性化学需氧量)、ρ(TOC)、ρ(TN)等指标的变化,以评价湿热预处理对餐厨垃圾厌氧产氢效能的影响. 在此基础上,结合厌氧产氢动力学分析,确定厌氧发酵产氢的最佳湿热预处理条件. 结果表明:湿热预处理温度、时间对餐厨垃圾可浮油脱出量、w(VS)具有显著影响. 餐厨垃圾湿热预处理后ρ(CODs_Cr)、ρ(TOC)、ρ(TN)变化情况与w(VS)呈负相关. 餐厨垃圾经90℃湿热预处理30min后,可浮油脱出量为37.5mL/kg,w(VS)/w(TS)为95.12%,最大比产氢量达242.1mL/g,最大产氢速率为12.46mL/h,累积产氢率达0.88mol/mol,厌氧产氢启动时间为12.85h. 说明对餐厨垃圾进行适度的湿热预处理可有效提高有机物溶解性与生物可利用效率,进而提高厌氧发酵累积产氢量与产氢速率. 综合能耗、产出等因素,湿热预处理温度90℃,处理时长30min,为餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产氢的最佳湿热预处理条件.      

餐厨垃圾接种酵母菌固态厌氧发酵产乙醇的可行性研究

餐厨垃圾可定向发酵产乙醇,但复杂的预处理导致处理时间长、工艺复杂度增加. 本文通过直接接种酵母菌和灭菌后接种酵母菌对比试验,分析发酵系统内乙醇、乙醇前体物还原糖、还原糖前体物淀粉的降解与产生规律,探讨餐厨垃圾直接接种酵母菌固态厌氧发酵产乙醇的可行性及规律. 结果表明:酵母菌的添加能够促进餐厨垃圾固体厌氧发酵产生乙醇,接种酵母菌后乙醇浓度为11.86~12.09 g/L,是空白对照的8.41~31.50倍,且高于灭菌预处理后接种的6.88~10.02 g/L;基于修正的Gompertz模型分析也证实了上述结果,接种酵母菌后,系统产乙醇潜力(P_m)和单位最大乙醇产率(R_m)也随之上升,但接种量对餐厨垃圾的P_m和R_m影响不大. 对乙醇前体物还原糖的分析表明,接种酵母菌能够在发酵初期就可以发挥作用,促使系统内还原糖在0~4 h内快速降为43.37~46.55 mg/g,从而加速了餐厨垃圾的稳定化进程,但在4~24 h内,由于次生代谢物的抑制作用,系统内还原糖未出现明显的产生和降解. 还原糖前体物淀粉的水解情况分析表明,接种酵母菌可将淀粉的水解率由19.36%提高到27.90%~37.57%,但淀粉含量在274.02~316.51 mg/g之间时已不再发生水解. 研究显示,直接接种酵母菌有助于餐厨垃圾固态厌氧发酵产乙醇含量的提高,体系中还原糖、淀粉含量并未成为餐厨垃圾固态厌氧发酵产乙醇量的限制性因素.      

某典型餐厨垃圾综合处理项目实例

我国餐厨垃圾产量已占城市固体废物的50%以上,推进餐厨垃圾资源化利用和无害化处理是目前亟待解决的问题。某市餐厨垃圾综合处理试项目,由预处理系统、厌氧发酵系统、沼气净化储存系统、沼渣沼液处理系统及除臭系统5部分组成,占地面积19000 m2,总投资9978万元,处理规模200 t/d,平均沼气产量7740 m3/d,其中,甲烷含量在60%以上。该餐厨垃圾项目较好地实现了垃圾减量化、资源化,可为其他城市餐厨垃圾处置提供参考。     

我国餐厨垃圾处理问题与出路研究

餐厨垃圾是一种典型的易腐垃圾,虽然餐厨垃圾无毒无害,但是如果处理不当非常容易带来恶臭等环境问题,影响人们的居住环境。餐厨垃圾的主要来源是居民家庭、以及各个大中小的餐饮企业和各类学校机关的集体食堂。餐厨垃圾对城市的居住环境以及空气质量都会产生较大的影响,因此本文将针对我国餐厨垃圾的处理现状以及存在的问题展开探讨,并提出相关的餐厨垃圾处理出路的意见和建议。     

我国餐厨垃圾厌氧处理技术的现状及发展前景

本文阐述了餐厨垃圾的成分和特征,针对目前国内餐厨垃圾的六种处理方法,对比其优缺点,指出厌氧发酵处理技术相对较好,它实现了餐厨垃圾的资源化处理和沼气化利用。通过分析我国餐厨垃圾厌氧处理的优势和两个典型案例,指出厌氧发酵工艺在处理餐厨垃圾方面具有广阔的发展前景。     

超声波预处理对餐厨垃圾产VFAs的影响

采用超声波预处理餐厨垃圾以提高产挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)产率.结果表明,在超声强度720W/L下处理15min后,餐厨垃圾SCOD含量比原样中SCOD提高了1倍,其中有机质中碳水化合物溶出量最大,由原样中8.2g/L提高到处理后的43.5g/L;在pH=6、温度35℃条件下,对含固率约为12%的餐厨垃圾进行厌氧发酵,未预处理和超声处理后的餐厨垃圾产生的VFAs最大值分别达到33.4,42.5g/L,经超声预处理的餐厨垃圾产VFAs的量提高了27.2%.     

餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵启动特性与产甲烷效率

通过开展批次餐厨垃圾中温厌氧发酵实验,考察VS接种比、TOC/TN对餐厨垃圾干式厌氧发酵启动和产气效率的影响。结果表明:VS接种比是干式厌氧发酵处理的重要参数。当VS接种比<1.5,厌氧发酵系统处于酸化状态时,不产生甲烷。随着VS接种比的提高,TOC/TN的增加,餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产甲烷效率、TS削减量、TOC削减量显著提高,厌氧发酵周期缩短,但VS的削减量受VS接种比、TOC/TN的影响较小。整个实验过程中,在VS接种比为2.5,TOC/TN为30条件下,餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产甲烷效率达到360.62 mL/g(TS)、194.96 mL/g(VS)、99.15 mL/g(TOC),TS削减量、VS削减量、TOC削减量分别达到48.33%、87.47%、59.25%。     

餐厨/厨余垃圾“不入土”,变废为宝“再消化”——北京绿色空间生物科技有限公司的循环之道

餐厨及厨余垃圾是有机垃圾的一种,餐厨垃圾是指餐饮服务单位在食品加工、饮食服务、单位供餐活动中产生的食物残渣、残液和废弃油脂等废弃物。厨余垃圾是指,家庭中产生的易腐食物垃圾,主要包括剩菜、剩饭、菜帮菜叶、瓜果皮核废弃食物等。餐厨及厨余垃圾含有大量的有机质,如果将它们能就地处理变成有机肥,既可省下用作填埋场的土地,还能节约运输它们的车辆和能源,防止滋生蚊蝇和细菌。不仅保护了环境,还滋养了土地。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.