地表参数设置对高架点源大气污染物扩散预测的影响研究

以某火电厂高架点源为例,运用AERMOD进行预测,对扇区进行粗划分和细划分,设置两组地表参数,分析SO2、NO2、PM10在敏感点的小时浓度、日均浓度和期间平均浓度最大值的差异.变化幅度分析方法表明,PM10的小时浓度、日均浓度、期间平均浓度最大值的变化幅度最大,NO2次之,SO2最小.高端值比较法分析表明,NO2小时浓度最大值的差异最大,SO2次之,PM10最小;NO2日均浓度最大值的差异最大,PM10次之,SO2最小;NO2期间平均浓度最大值的差异最大,SO2次之,PM10最小.     

重庆市黔江区春季大气污染物浓度变化与气象因素关系研究

分析了2015年重庆市黔江城区2个自动监测站点PM10,SO2,NO2,O3日均值和小时均值,结合同期气象因素,对污染物浓度与气象因素进行分析.表明,PM10、SO2、NO2和O3春季平均值呈显著差异,PM10超标6天,SO2,NO2,O3污染水平较低,未超标;PM10、SO2和NO2呈现早晚双峰型,O3呈典型单峰型;风速与SO2和NO2浓度呈负相关,与O3浓度则呈正相关关系,风速较小时,利于PM10浓度降低,当风速达到一定程度,会导致PM10浓度升高;污染物浓度和相对湿度呈明显负相关;降水对大气污染物有削减作用.     

眉山市城区环境空气质量及变化趋势分析

根据眉山市2006—2012年空气质量数据,采用综合污染指数法对SO2、NO2、PM10进行评价。结果表明:各污染物季节变化明显,冬季污染最严重;7年年际变化中,SO2浓度先上升后下降,NO2浓度总体呈上升趋势,PM10浓度明显下降;2012年全市主要污染物污染负荷系数从大到小排列顺序为:PM10(0.39)SO2(0.32)NO2(0.29);综合污染指数表明眉山市空气质量属于轻污染。     

长兴县城区空气质量变化及差异性分析研究

对长兴县城区空气自动站2007—2014年监测数据进行了分析。结果显示:SO2、NO2浓度年平均值总体呈下降趋势;PM10浓度年均值波动较大,2013年出现较大幅度回升。SO2、NO2和PM10浓度日均值单因素方差分析和多重比较结果显示:2014年与2007年SO2、NO2和PM10浓度的日均值都存在极显著差异,证明长兴县城区的空气质量好转明显。初步分析了长兴县城区空气质量变化与长兴县产业结构调整的相关性。     

复合型工业城市重空气污染过程大气污染特征

以湘潭市地区2013年10月29日一次重空气污染过程为例,利用湘潭市空气自动监测站24小时连续监测数据,研究此次重空气污染过程大气污染浓度变化特征。结果表明SO2、NO2、PM10、CO、O3和PM2.5的日均值分别为105 ug/m3、117 ug/m3、542 ug/m3、2.583mg/m3、146 ug/m3、419 ug/m3,PM2.5污染最为严重,其日均浓度超出国家二级标准(75 ug/m3)4.59倍。SO2、NO2、PM10、CO、O3和PM2.5日变化显著,SO2和O3的日变化均呈单峰型,PM10、PM2.5、CO和NO2日变化均呈早晚双峰型。通过调查研究,这次污染事件的主要原因有极端不利的气象条件,近郊区大量焚烧秸秆以及PM2.5的区域污染传输。     

太原市采暖季PM2.5的污染特征分析

收集了采暖季太原市环境监测中心站公布的PM2.5和其它污染物（PM10、SO2、NO2、CO和O3）逐时监测数据,分析了PM2.5的月、日及小时浓度分布特征和变化规律,结果表明：太原市采暖季PM2.5的小时浓度范围为9～364μg/m^3,日浓度范围为19～ 208 μg/m^3,PM2.5最大日均值出现在2014年1月份,PM2.5小时浓度日变化规律呈单峰双谷趋势,PM2.5与PM10比值在0.30～0.77之间,二者相关性显著,相关系数为0.925.     

太原市采暖季PM_(2.5)的污染特征分析

收集了采暖季太原市环境监测中心站公布的PM2.5和其它污染物(PM10、SO2、NO2、CO和O3)逐时监测数据,分析了PM2.5的月、日及小时浓度分布特征和变化规律,结果表明:太原市采暖季PM2.5的小时浓度范围为9~364μg/m3,日浓度范围为19~208μg/m3,PM2.5最大日均值出现在2014年1月份,PM2.5小时浓度日变化规律呈单峰双谷趋势,PM2.5与PM10比值在0.30~0.77之间,二者相关性显著,相关系数为0.925。     

2010年广州亚运期间空气质量与污染气象条件分析

利用2010年11月4日～12月10日广州地区NO2、O3、SO2、PM、能见度实测资料,区域空气污染指数RAQI及大气输送扩散特征参数,分析广州亚运期间空气质量与气象条件变化特征.结果表明,亚运期间空气质量比亚运前后好,能见度比亚运前后大,PM1和PM2.5浓度比亚运前后小,能见度与PM1和PM2.5有较好的反相关;亚运期间NO2和SO2日均值和小时均值均达到国家一级标准,PM10日均值和O3小时均值均满足国家二级标准,污染物得到较好的控制;广州地区SO2受本地源和外地源远距离输送叠加影响,NO2受本地源影响较大;广州周边城市NO2、SO2和PM10有向广州输送的潜势,而广州O3有向其周边城市扩散的潜势;亚运期间污染气象条件比亚运前后有利,亚运期间污染物浓度降低得益于政府实施的减排措施及良好的气象条件.     

2006～2012年珠三角地区空气污染变化特征及影响因素

利用粤港珠江三角洲区域空气监控网络2006~2012年监测结果,分析了珠三角地区SO2、NO2、O3和PM10浓度的年、月变化及空间分布特征,并对产生时空分布变化的原因进行了剖析.结果表明:7年来,珠三角地区SO2、NO2和PM10浓度呈下降趋势,降幅分别为61.7%、17.4%和24.3%,O3浓度呈上升趋势,增幅为12.5%,总体而言,珠三角地区空气质量呈好转趋势;湿季(4~9月)空气质量明显优于干季(10月至翌年3月),各污染物浓度的月变化均呈双峰型,SO2、NO2和PM10峰值浓度出现在12月和3月,O3峰值浓度出现在10月和5月;SO2、NO2和PM10浓度高值区主要集中在中部的广佛地区,O3浓度在外围郊区呈现高值,各部分地区的污染物浓度变化趋势不一致,中部经济核心区一次污染物浓度下降趋势更为显著.珠三角地区空气质量的变化受多方面因素的影响,经济下行和政府治理是驱动一次污染逐年好转的主要因素,而政府对VOCs排放控制相对薄弱,VOCs排放与气候变化的共同作用可能是导致二次污染(尤其是O3污染)加剧的原因.     

乌鲁木齐大气污染特征及气象条件的影响

乌鲁木齐市一直是世界上污染最严重的城市之一。该文选取2004-2006年乌鲁木齐市3个环境监测站逐时的PM10、SO2、NO2浓度数据以及乌鲁木齐市气象站、米泉气象站同期逐时的13类气象要素进行分析。结果表明,乌鲁木齐市PM10、SO2浓度冬季均达到轻微污染水平,其它3个季节属于优良级别,NO2四季都属优良级别;这三类大气污染物四季日变化基本呈现双峰型结构。冬季PM10、SO2浓度峰值出现在12:00-14:00时,最小值则分别出现在凌晨7:00时、傍晚19:00时,其它季节最大值(最小值)多出现在早晨(傍晚/凌晨);三类污染物的空间分布各有不同,PM10、SO2都是南部城区浓度较大,NO2浓度则是北部城区居首;各类气象要素与SO2浓度的相关性普遍高于与颗粒物PM10的相关性。全年与热力因素有关的气象要素与PM10、SO2浓度的相关性非常突出,冬季则是云量、降水等因素的影响明显提高;受蒙古高压和天山山脉地形的双重影响,乌鲁木齐冬季盛行偏南风和偏北风,山谷风交替现象明显;PM10浓度随乌鲁木齐市气象站、米泉气象站风速的增加均是先下降后上升,风速拐点分别是5 m/s、3 m/s,东南风对于污染物的远距离输送贡献较大;无论市区、还是北部城区,在偏北风和东南风的情形下,市区颗粒物浓度都比较大。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.