含联氨(肼)废水的处理方法

联氨,作为锅炉供水中除氧剂而被广泛采用.在特殊情况下,锅炉停止使用时,往往使用含高浓度联氨的清水进行满水保罐.这时由于含有高浓度联氨而引起了COD值增高,这样的水未经处理是不能排放的.以前,为了处理保罐废水,提出了如下种种方法:①调整pH值后用活性污泥法处理;②     

高浓度氨废水的处理

日立普兰德公司开发了不用稀释高浓度氨废水的处理装置。该装置是用把硝化细菌封入树脂制的载体处理高浓度氨废水的方法 ,即排水中的氨在硝化槽中硝化细菌的作用下将氨氧化成硝酸 ,然后硝酸则再脱氮槽内脱氮细菌的存在下变成氮气而排入大气中。该方法广泛应用于化工厂废水、垃圾浸出水等含高浓度氨的各种废液处理。特点 :1 .AH菌的硝化速度与硝化槽内废水中氨的浓度成正比 ,也就是说 ,废水中氨的浓度越高 ,AH菌的硝化速度越快 ;2 .含氨态氮 1 0 0 0 mg/L高浓度的废水处理后 ,氨态氮的浓度可降至 1 0 mg/L以下 ;3.处理时间比稀释法缩短大…     

微波技术处理焦化废水中的氨氮研究

分别以中等浓度氨氮的焦化生化处理外排水和含高浓度氨氮的焦化蒸氨废水为处理对象,采用微波技术进行脱氮处理研究。结果表明:对于初始浓度为331mg/L的生化外排水,当pH值11时,微波处理3min后氨氮浓度降为6mg/L;对于初始浓度为1350mg/L的高浓度蒸氨废水,当pH值为11时,微波处理5min后氨氮浓度降至54mg/L。该研究为中高浓度氨氮废水处理提供了新思路。     

折流旋转床吹脱含氨废水实验研究

应用折流式旋转床吹脱高浓度含氨废水,研究了在不同的工艺条件下,各工艺参数,如气液比、旋转填料床转速、温度等对含氨废水氨去除率的影响.研究表明:折流旋转填料床具有压降小、高传质性能,用于处理含氨废水能有效地提高氨去除率;在温度为23℃、pH为11左右,液体流量为60L/h、气体流量为160m2/h、转鼓转速为800 r/min的条件下,用旋转填料床处理含氨5 000mg/L废水的单程吹脱率可达82%;单元传质高度为36mm.     

基质性毒物对厌氧氨氧化富集培养物的单独和联合抑制效应

采用分批培养试验和连续培养试验研究了基质性毒物(氨和亚硝酸)对厌氧氨氧化富集培养物的单独和联合抑制效应.试验结果表明,分批培养时,氨和亚硝酸对厌氧氨氧化富集培养物的半抑制浓度及95%可信限分别为1670.3(1518.3~1832.4)mg·L~(-1)和565.3(239.0~916.3)mg·L~(-1),亚硝酸毒性大于氨;氨和亚硝酸对厌氧氨氧化富集培养物的联合抑制效应为独立作用,二者各自对厌氧氨氧化富集培养物产生毒害.在中性环境和高浓度基质条件,高浓度的游离氨和游离亚硝酸会抑制厌氧氨氧化富集培养物,防止游离态基质浓度过高是解决基质自抑制的重要手段.连续培养时,随着氨浓度的上升,反应器效能和联氨含量基本稳定;随着亚硝酸浓度的上升,反应器效能急剧下降,联氨快速累积.基质亚硝酸对厌氧氨氧化富集培养物的抑制源于联氨脱氢步骤受阻,细胞能量代谢不畅,所积累的中间产物联氨作为抑制物可能会进一步加剧抑制效应.     

高浓度游离氨冲击负荷对生物硝化的影响机制

工业废水厂或含工业废水较多的城市污水处理厂,在运行过程中可能会意外受到高浓度氨氮废水急性冲击负荷的影响,造成生物硝化反应受到抑制,出水不能稳定达标.为了指导实际污水处理厂应对游离氨(FA)急性冲击负荷造成的出水不达标问题,本文探究高浓度氨氮废水对污水生物硝化系统的影响机制.本文利用序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)处理模拟高氨氮废水,通过监测氨氮最大比降解速率、硝酸盐氮最大比生成速率、亚硝化和硝化比耗氧速率,硝化菌丰度等指标,研究高浓度氨氮废水中FA对硝化菌活性的影响规律.结果表明,FA在低浓度范围内,增加FA急性负荷能够促进硝化活性,而当FA急性冲击负荷大于一定值时,会对硝化作用造成抑制;FA浓度越大,受到抑制的硝化生物活性所需要的恢复周期越长.利用荧光原位杂交分析技术,发现当进水FA浓度(以N计)从3.6 mg·L~(-1)升高到8.1 mg·L~(-1)时,氨氧化菌(AOB)和亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)菌群数量都略微升高,而当FA浓度大于8.1 mg·L~(-1)时,AOB和NOB菌群数量明显下降.FA对AOB和NOB菌群的临界抑制浓度分别为8.1 mg·L~(-1)和6.6 mg·L~(-1),NOB相对于AOB菌群更敏感.     

制药废水厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能与毒性机理的研究

采用上流式厌氧氨氧化污泥床反应器考察了制药废水的生物脱氮性能,并采用发光细菌急性毒性试验研究了制药废水、厌氧氨氧化处理进出水的生物毒性,以及制药废水对厌氧氨氧化污泥的蓄积毒性.结果表明,当制药废水稀释30倍以上时,毒性物质浓度低于毒性抑制浓度阈值,厌氧氨氧化反应器运行性能良好,平均氨氮和亚硝氮去除率分别达87.8%和95.6%,平均总氮容积负荷可达10.38 kg/(m3×d);但当进水稀释小于20倍时,毒性物质浓度高于毒性抑制浓度阈值,反应器运行性能恶化,平均氨氮和亚硝氮去除率降至24.6%和26.0%,直到完全消失.制药废水、厌氧氨氧化反应器进出水均具有较强的生物毒性,在相对发光度为50%时,所对应的制药废水、反应器进水、出水的稀释倍数分别为70.5,5.19,7.77倍.经厌氧氨氧化处理后,出水毒性增强,说明制药废水毒性物质可在厌氧氨氧化污泥中蓄积,具有蓄积毒性.     

钼酸铵工业废气、废水综合治理技术开发与应用

以钼酸铵厂产生的废气和废水综合治理技术的开发应用实例,采用酸性生产废水吸收含氨废气,NH3去除率达95%;将高浓度含氨废水通过汽提工艺处理,NH4+-N去除率达到99.99%,达标排放。     

甲红霉素、环丙沙星医药生产废水处理工程

针对甲红霉素、盐酸环丙沙星等医药中间体生产排放废水浓度高、成份复杂、处理难度大的特点 (CODcr高达 2 .7× 1 0 4 mg/L) ,采用含氨废水单独处理 ,废水浓缩结晶后回收铵盐 ;有机废水分质处理 ,高浓度废水预先气提、催化氧化 ,再与低浓度废水混合 ,采用铁碳、厌氧、好氧、气浮联合处理工艺 ,处理后出水达到国家污水综合排放一级标准。     

回收含酚废水 研制油漆成功

工业“三废”的排放,按国家标准GBJ4—73的规定,挥发性酚是单测项目之一,其标准为0.5毫克/升。我厂生产酚醛树脂时,每天有高浓度的含酚废水(苯酚含量约50％)170公斤和低浓度含酚废水(苯酚含量约5％)630公斤产生。全年苯酚排放总量约34吨,其中高浓度含酚废水苯酚量占73％,低浓度含酚废水苯酚量占27％。除含苯酚外,还含少量甲醛和成份复杂的焦油。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.