Water at interfaces

Electrolyte cations and anions in aqueous solutions are hydrogen bond breaker. We found that most of anions are strong hydrogen bond breaker whereas cations are not. Further, the electro-reduction of Mg(H₂O)₆²⁺ to Mg(OH)₂ and the growth of the Mg(OH)₂ were observed on Au electrode surface at negative electrode potential. Water molecules in an electric double layer exhibit an ordered and a disordered structure at negative and pzc (point of zero charge) potentials, respectively. Therefore, electrode potential polarization (negative or pzc potential application) from an equilibrium potential operates an electrified interface to cause increased or decreased ordering, orientation and charge transfer of water molecules as well as dissociation of water on the electrode surface.     

环球扫描

绿色GDP报告反映：经济增长并非如此耀眼；中国的女性首富与制造业的环保要求；加州州长签署温室气体法案；地球将迎来近百万年最高的气温；全球每五个人中有两个人缺乏卫生设施。[编者按]     

环球扫描

温总理说：“十五”计划中环境问题没有解决；中国必缓采取措施保护环境；世界观察研究所的年度报告；烹饪带来新生活；美国四年内开始建新核电厂。     

环球扫描

气候变化进入英国中小学课堂;“太阳”升起在沃尔玛;IBM承诺降低温室气体排放量;格陵兰冰川的历史;全球变暖生存指南;[编者按]     

泸沽湖生态旅游建设研究

生态旅游强调开采取一系列措施保护旅游业以生存和发展的资源和环境，泸沽湖生态旅游资源丰富，独特，发展生态旅游潜力巨大，在泸沽湖旅游业发展中，只有将生态旅游的保护思想融入旅游开发和管理，才能实现可持续发展，否则最终将导致旅游业的衰落。     

环球扫描

布朗新著《B模式2．0：拯救地球，延续文明》 现行的经济发展模式(姑且称之为“A模式”)，使世界走上了导致经济衰退，并且最终崩溃的环境道路。若要追求经济的可持续发展，就必须转向新的道路：B模式。这就是莱斯特·布朗于2003年出版《B模式》的缘故。 但是，有许多理由促使作者决定更新和升级2003年版本。因为建立新经济模式的想法，迄今尚未达成广泛的共识，对新模式的前景很多人缺乏信心。本书的目的是为建立新经济提供更具说服力的事例，对其前景做更详细的描述，并提供由此及彼的“路线图”。 创作这本新著，还有其它许多理由。一、许多强有力的     

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环保总局局长呼吁给予江河湖海人文关怀,今年中秋香港的垃圾山终于减少了,人类逼近环境恶化“引爆点”,绿色生态消费是否真的有助于环保,中国2006环境公报：2567亿元治污历史最高,     

环球扫描

蒙特利尔城中会谈 12月初,加拿大蒙特利尔 城内进行了新一轮国际气候变 化会谈,这也是自今年二月份 京都议定书生效之后的第一次 多边会谈。 在会谈中,许多国家都迫切 要求尽快开始制定2012年《京 都议定书》失效后的替代协议; 而美国政府则表示“美国政府 将继续关注进展,但不会采取 积极态度参与新一轮谈判”。     

刊物扫描

智利新一轮环境争论一个投资7亿美元的木制纸浆厂去年在智利南部开工,邻近一片湿地,工厂排出的废水影响到湿地里的黑颈天鹅,天鹅不断死去,公司抵赖责任,两份独立研究报告指出,工厂排出的污水是造成天鹅死亡的元凶。另一个是投资14亿的露天金矿,位于智利和阿根廷之间的安第斯流域,当地农民担心金矿开采会增加河流     

IMO海环会第47届会议有关议程

ＩＭＯ海环会第 4 7届会议于 2 0 0 2年 3月 4 - 8日在伦敦总部召开 ,该次会议就有关海上主要环保事项进行了磋商审议。1　船舶压载水管理对建议的《控制和管理船舶压载水和沉淀物国际公约》 (ＩｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌＣｏｎｖｅｎｔｉｏｎｆｏｒｔｈｅＣｏｎｔｒｏｌａｎｄ     

环球扫描

安南赢得50万美元国际环境奖；“环保风暴”矛头直指化工石化行业；密歌根大学将可口可乐逐出校园；福特的绿色“前进之路”；哥斯达黎加青蛙灭绝与全球变暖有关；……[编者按]     

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北京对本国污染企业采取强硬态度中国当局已命令一些大型污染企业停止所有新项目,以迫使他们立即采取行动达到环保方面的标准。这些企业包括中国六家最大的电力集团中的四家。这一命令下达前,政府承认未能实现去年制定的节约能源和控制污染目标。去年上半年,中国单位国内生产总值(GDP)的能源消耗增长了0．8％。现在,中国的环保机构发起了一场前所未有的行动。除了对电力工业实行严格的控制之外,国家环保总局已停止批准四个工业城市除循环经济类项目外的所有项目。这四个城市分别是河北省的唐山市、山西省的吕梁市、贵州省的六盘水市和山东省的莱芜市。虽然政府出台了一系列新政策,把官员的仕途与他们在节能方面取得的成绩联系起来,但由于多年来一直提倡不惜一切代价发展经济,北京现在仍然不得不努力改变地方官员的态度。专家们说,中国需要改变传统的由上至下的管理方式,目前看,地方官员不会理会中央政府命令。     

Isochromosome 5p mosaicism at prenatal diagnosis: observations and outcomes in six cases at chorionic villus sampling and one at amniocentesis

We present six cases of 47,+i(5p)/46 mosaicism diagnosed at chorionic villus sampling (CVS), this being the first prospective series to be reported. The clinical indication in each was advanced maternal age. Further prenatal studies in four (amniocentesis, plus fetal blood sampling in one) did not show the isochromosome. In one case, subsequent amniocentesis showed 1/48 in situ colonies with the isochromosome, but fetal blood was karyotypically normal. These five pregnancies resulted in phenotypically normal livebirths; further normal follow-up reports (from age 4 months through 4 years) are noted in four of these. Analysis of placental tissue in one case confirmed the presence of the i(5p) mosaicism. In the remaining case, in which 100% of CVS cultured cells had the i(5p), the pregnancy was terminated. Fetal skin fibroblasts did not show the i(5p). Thus, in none of these six cases was true fetal mosaicism detected, nor an abnormal phenotype noted. We suggest that a 47,+i(5p)/46 karyotype, detected at CVS, may frequently reflect confined placental mosaicism. In addition, we report a case of the primary diagnosis of 47,+i(5p)/46 mosaicism at amniocentesis. The infant appeared normal at birth, but a brain malformation was subsequently identified. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

夜间近地表臭氧观测

2018年12月15~18日使用激光雷达在河北望都观测气溶胶与O₃,利用气溶胶消光系数廓线判断边界层的变化,进而研究大气边界层对于近地表层（300m）O₃浓度的影响.结果表明,边界层主要影响O₃的干沉降以及高空O₃的垂直输送,在受本地污染控制时,近地表O₃浓度受干沉降控制明显,随着边界层高度的下降而减少;西北地区气团占主导时,O₃浓度主要受水平传输以及高空垂直输送影响.     

生命始于四十！

联合国环境规划署于1972年诞生,其使命是为当代和子孙后代保护并改善环境。它的成立宣言中提到“人类已经具备了以各种方式和前所未有的规模改变环境的能力”——事实上,在人类纪的这四十年中,科技发展以及世界观等方面都发生了很大改变。     

济南秋季霾与非霾天气下气溶胶光学性质的观测

应用黑碳仪和积分浊度计于2009年10月11日至11月18日针对济南市大气气溶胶的光学特性进行了观测.结果显示,观测期间霾天气的散射系数和吸收系数及非霾天气的散射系数和吸收系数平均值分别为(582.5±311)Mm-1、(680.2±47.2)Mm-1和(205.7±134.8)Mm-1、(31.0±25.8)Mm-1.霾天气的气溶胶散射系数和吸收系数分别为非霾天气的2.6倍和2.8倍,单词散射反照率(SSA)也高于非霾天气.霾天气中二次气溶胶生成及黑碳气溶胶聚集是改变吸收系数、散射系数和SSA的日变化趋势的重要原因.此外,估算了观测期间及霾和非霾天气中气溶胶的光学厚度(AOD)分别为0.78,1.14和0.47.后向气流轨迹分析显示,非霾天气的气流主要来自于济南的西北至东北方向,运动速度快;而霾天气的所有的气流均来自于济南西南至东南方向,运动速度慢,当气流经过山东南部的火点时加剧了济南市的霾,并严重影响到该地区大气气溶胶的光学性质.     

Ozone concentrations at a remote mountain site and at two regional locations in southwestern Alberta

Ozone concentrations at a remote site in the Rocky Mountains of southwestern Alberta averaged 43.4 ppb over a 2 year period and the Canadian air quality objective of an 80 ppb hourly average was exceeded 1.5% of the time. The diurnal variation in O₃ concentrations was small, 2.9 ppb, indicative of a remote location, above the nocturnal inversion and not greatly influenced by local emissions. During the period when O₃ concentrations were highest, winds were generally from the southwest, suggestive of the long range transport of anthropogenic pollutants from distant sources rather than the generation of O₃ from local emissions. In contrast, hourly O₃ concentrations at two regional air quality monitoring sites showed an average diurnal variation of 14 ppb. Only two hourly averages exceeded 80 ppb during the 2 years, and the mean O₃ concentration was 26 ppb. When these regional sites were within the urban plume from Calgary, the O₃ concentrations were depressed to a mean of 18 ppb. Ozone concentrations in downtown Calgary averaged 13 ppb. Under Alberta climatological and meteorological conditions, hourly O₃ objectives are most likely to be exceeded in remote areas, rather than in cities or in areas under the direct influence of urban emissions.