B模式:拯救地球延续文明

今天，全世界可能有上千个会议在召开，但我想没有任何一次会议会比我们这个会议更重要，所以我非常荣幸能够来到这里，与各位来自中国和其它国家的著名环境专家坐在一起。同时，我也非常高兴能够见到曲格平先生，他在环境领域一直扮演着领袖的角色，而且我很高兴能够在潘岳局长演讲之后进行我的发言。     

Removal and desorption of chromium in synthetic effluent by a mixed culture in a bioreactor with a magnetic field

Two chromium removal experiments were performed in bioreactors with and without a magnetic field under the same conditions.The release of the chromium present in the biomass was tested in two experiments one with the initial pH of the medium and one with pH 4.0.The objective was to remove Cr(Ⅵ) and total Cr from the effluent,this was carried out by placing biological treatments of synthetic effluent contaminated with 100 mg/L of Cr(Ⅵ) in a bioreactor with neodymium magnets that applied a magnetic field(intensity85.4 mT) to the mixed culture.The removal of Cr(Ⅵ) was approximately 100.0% for the bioreactor with a magnetic field and 93,3% for the bioreactor without a magnetic field for9 hr of recirculation of the synthetic effluent by the bioreactor.The removal of total Cr was61.6% and 48.4%,with and without a magnetic field,respectively;for 24 hr.The desorption of Cr(VI) in the synthetic effluent was 0.05 mg/L,which is below the limit established by Brazilian legislation(0.1 mg/L) for the discharge of effluent containing Cr(Ⅵ) into bodies of water.The results obtained for the removal of chromium in synthetic effluent suggested that there was no significant influence on the viable cell count of the mixed culture.The desorption of Cr(Ⅵ) in synthetic effluent after bioadsorption of chromium by the mixed culture in the process of removal of chromium in bioreactors with and without a magnetic field was not significant in either of the experiments with different initial pHs.     

三元土壤调理剂对田间水稻镉砷累积转运的影响

通过镉砷复合污染稻田的土壤调理剂原位治理,研究了三元土壤调理剂QFJ（羟基磷灰石+沸石+改性秸秆炭）对稻田土壤基本理化性质和水稻各部位镉砷累积转运的影响.结果表明,在土壤Cd总量3.58 mg·kg^-1,As总量124.79 mg·kg^-1污染程度下,施用QFJ后,水稻根际土壤pH值、阳离子交换量及有机质含量有增大的趋势;土壤交换态Cd和As含量可分别从0.37 mg·kg^-1、0.07 mg·kg^-1下降到0.12 mg·kg^-1、0.04 mg·kg^-1.QFJ的施用,可有效降低水稻各部位中Cd和As含量,在9.00 t·hm^-2施用量水平,可将糙米中Cd含量从0.46 mg·kg^-1下降到0.18 mg·kg^-1,无机As含量从0.25 mg·kg^-1降低到0.16 mg·kg^-1,同时低于国家食品污染物限量标准0.2 mg·kg^-1的要求,实现水稻安全生产.施用QFJ减少了水稻根系对Cd和As的富集,降低了水稻植株将Cd从地下部转运到地上部的能力,降低了根系转运Cd的能力以及茎叶、谷壳转运As的能力.     

Integument and defence in larva and prepupa of a sawfly living on a semi-aquatic plant

The larvae of the sawfly Rhadinoceraea micans live and feed on a semi-aquatic plant, Iris pseudacorus, and their integument is strongly hydrophobic. The hydrophobicity is part of a chemical defence strategy, easy bleeding, also known from congeners. The prepupae burrow into the soil where they form a cocoon in which they pupate, thus implying different micro-environmental conditions. The cuticle structure and wetting defensive effectiveness of R. micans were compared between larvae and prepupae. The two stages were similarly well defended against attacking ants by the bleeding of a deterrent hemolymph, whereas they were dissimilar in the cuticle surface that presented sculptures and wax crystals at the larval stage only. The integument of prepupae was less structured, and hydrophilic. Larvae of R. micans exhibit, among sawflies, an exceptional cuticle structuring and we assume that they occupy this particular niche of a semi-aquatic environment to avoid encounters with ground-dwelling predators whereas prepupae may benefit from the chemical defence acquired at larval stage.     

湖南锡矿山周边土壤-农作物系统锑迁移转换特征及污染评价

为了解湖南锡矿山周边土壤与农产品锑(Sb)含量特征和污染状况,为锑矿区土壤锑污染防治和农田安全利用提供科学依据.以湖南锡矿山为研究区,采集周边不同区域农田土壤及相应农产品,共计193对,通过分析土壤锑含量、基本理化性质和农产品锑含量,研究锑在土壤-农产品系统中迁移和转换特征,并且对土壤及农产品进行安全评估.结果表明,矿...     

Environmental reporting in a developing country: a case study on status and implementation in Malaysia

With the increase in awareness of environmental issues, the level of environmental disclosure and stakeholder demands for environmental information is increasing. New developments in the ISO 14000 standards also make it more evident that a company's environmental performance as well as its environmental reporting should be considered as strategic issues in business strategy. Especially for a developing country like Malaysia, many companies are under external pressures to improve their environmental performance.In this study, a review on the image and environmental disclosure, together with the challenges in environmental information management and a short case study are presented. Subsequently, the paper explores some of the strategic implications of environmental reporting as an important tool for improved environmental management.     

重工业城市岩溶地下水中多环芳烃污染特征及来源

为了确定岩溶区重工业城市地下水中多环芳烃的时空变化特征以及来源,采集柳州市丰枯水期23个地下水样品,利用16种多环芳烃的成分谱,结合其物理化学性质以及柳州市具体情况,分析多环芳烃在柳州市地下水系统中的变化及来源.结果表明:(1)柳州市丰水期地下水中ΣPAHs平均浓度柳北区柳东区柳西区鸡喇地下河,且PAHs浓度所占比重均随分子量的增大而减小;枯水期鸡喇地下河柳北区柳西区柳东区,且4环PAHs浓度所占比重均为最高,5~6环次之.(2)柳州市枯水期地下水PAHs呈现较高污染水平,丰水期污染水平较低;(3)化石燃料等有机物高温燃烧为PAHs主要来源,主要由工业过程、交通运输、取暖做饭等人类活动产生.     

我国华东某县饮用水源地多氯联苯的检测与风险评价

为研究我国农村饮用水源地中内分泌干扰物——多氯联苯对人体健康的影响,对华东某县的深层井水、浅层井水、地表沟塘水进行布点采样,采用SPE与GC-MS联用,定性定量分析水样中多氯联苯. 结果表明:华东某县多氯联苯同系物中仅有五氯联苯检出,检出率为100%;在深层井水、浅层井水和地表沟塘水中ρ(五氯联苯)分别为0.51～82.99,0.51～44.16和1.78～34.36 ng/L,枯水期平均值高于丰水期;枯水期ρ(五氯联苯)最大,超标3.15倍;丰水期超标倍数最大的样品为地表沟塘水,ρ(五氯联苯)超标1.28倍, 深层井水未超标. 健康风险评估结果,华东某县饮用水源地中的五氯联苯致癌及非致癌风险均在可接受风险范围内,五氯联苯的风险平均值为地表沟塘水>浅层井水>深层井水,枯水期健康风险高于丰水期.      

低温等离子体-生物耦合系统对复合CVOCs的降解

采用低温等离子体-生物耦合系统降解氯苯和二氯乙烷混合气体,考察频率为10 000 Hz,能量密度(specific input energy,SIE)为6 111 J·L-1时进气浓度和气体流速对目标污染物降解的影响,并通过对产物与SIE之间关系以及生物滴滤塔中生物量和生物多样性的分析,更进一步揭示等离子-生物耦合系统的优势.结果表明,当SIE和气体流速一定时,增加初始浓度会降低混合气体的去除率;从经济效益考虑,气体流速宜采用0.71 L·min~(-1).经产物分析发现,在二氯乙烷和氯苯的浓度均为500 mg·m-3,气体流速为0.71 L·min~(-1)的条件下,二氧化碳的生成量以及选择性均随着SIE的增大而增大;在同样的条件下氯离子浓度随着SIE的增加而逐渐变大;生物滴滤塔中蛋白质含量随着反应器运行逐渐增加最后趋于稳定,下层的生物量高于上层;通过高通量测序分析,结果显示生物滴滤塔中的生物保有丰富的群落及物种多样性的特点.     

Wastewater and stormwater minimisation in a coal mine

This paper presents a case study on the application of cleaner production principles in the mining industry. The water balance prepared for the case study showed that less than 20% of the wastewater generated by the colliery is discharged off-site. The remaining 80% of the wastewater is recycled back into the colliery. Modeling of the stormwater system showed that 75% of the clean runoff becomes contaminated through poor management practices. It was also found that the present system of stormwater management causes the process wastewater management system to fail in wet weather. Improved process and stormwater management systems are proposed. Relatively simple alterations to the operation of the coal wash filtration dams are expected to reduce the periods of inefficient operation of these dams by 95% and the pumping cost by 30%. The use of stormwater diversion channels and retention basins reduces the overflow volumes of the process wastewater treatment dams in 5 year average recurrence interval (ARI) storms by 100%. The paper also includes several recommendations for reducing the production of process wastewater at source and off-site disposal of wastewater.     

Seasonality and microhabitat selection in a forest-dwelling salamander

Many small terrestrial vertebrates exhibit limited spatial movement and are considerably exposed to changes in local environmental variables. Among such vertebrates, amphibians at present experience a dramatic decline due to their limited resilience to environmental change. Since the local survival and abundance of amphibians is intrinsically related to the availability of shelters, conservation plans need to take microhabitat requirements into account. In order to gain insight into the terrestrial ecology of the spectacled salamander Salamandrina perspicillata and to identify appropriate forest management strategies, we investigated the salamander’s seasonal variability in habitat use of trees as shelters in relation to tree features (size, buttresses, basal holes) and environmental variables in a beech forest in Italy. We used the occupancy approach to assess tree suitability on a non-conventional spatial scale. Our approach provides fine-grained parameters of microhabitat suitability and elucidates many aspects of the salamander’s terrestrial ecology. Occupancy changed with the annual life cycle and was higher in autumn than in spring, when females were found closer to the stream in the study area. Salamanders showed a seasonal pattern regarding the trees they occupied and a clear preference for trees with a larger diameter and more burrows. With respect to forest management, we suggest maintaining a suitable number of trees with a trunk diameter exceeding 30 cm. A practice of selective logging along the banks of streams could help maintain an adequate quantity of the appropriate microhabitat. Furthermore, in areas with a presence of salamanders, a good forest management plan requires leaving an adequate buffer zone around streams, which should be wider in autumn than in spring.     

冬季小流域水体微生物多样性及影响因素

小流域是农业面源、工业源发生和汇集的源头,小流域的水质状况将直接影响着整个流域的水质安全.本文以重庆市涪陵区李渡新区小流域为研究对象,结合高通量测序技术分析了小流域内径流及受纳水体微生物的群落特征,考察了水体理化因子对水体中微生物多样性的影响.结果表明,李渡新区小流域是受纳水体中亚硝态氮和溶解性有机碳的重要来源.小流域内流经不同污染源的水体微生物丰富度和多样性没有呈现显著的差异性,微生物多样性指数与水体总磷（r为-0.79~-0.84,P≤0.01）和磷酸盐（r为-0.71~-0.80,P≤0.01）含量均呈极显著负相关关系.门水平上,流经农业区的径流以放线菌门（37.33%±14.69%）占比最大,其次是变形菌门（32.53%±7.18%）、蓝细菌门（14.65%±22.64%）和拟杆菌门（8.50%±3.67%）等;流经工业区的径流以变形菌门（43.67%±10.80%）占比最大,其次是拟杆菌门（25.33%±11.97%）、放线菌门（24.17%±14.66%）和厚壁菌门（2.53%±0.72%）等.属水平上,流经农业区的径流以hgcI_clade（19.08%±13.46%）占比最大,其次是CL 500-29_marine_group（7.40%±4.44%）和Limnohabitans（7.05%±3.14%）等;流经工业区的径流以黄杆菌属（20.40%±12.37%）占比最大,其次是hgcI_clade（15.30%±11.11%）和不动杆菌属（9.33%±11.50%）等,径流水体中的黄杆菌属可能与流域内工业源的输入有关.亚硝态氮、总磷、磷酸盐、pH和Zn²⁺等是影响小流域水体微生物群落的主要环境因子,对微生物群落的解释量分别为0.26、0.21、0.20、0.15和0.14.DOC、硝态氮、Cu²⁺、Zn²⁺、Mn²⁺和As³⁺等也与水体中某些微生物菌属的占比存在一定的相关关系.     

地表水体放线菌分离鉴定与致嗅能力研究

原水中的嗅味是饮用水中嗅味的主要来源之一.从中国南方地区某水库中分离纯化放线菌并进行菌种鉴定及产致嗅物质2-甲基异莰醇(2-MIB)和土臭素(GSM)能力研究.使用膜滤法和高氏一号培养基分离纯化水体中的放线菌.结合菌落菌丝形态特征、碳源利用、菌株生理生化特征及16S rRNA同源性序列分析对从该水库中分离纯化的40株放线菌进行菌种鉴定,结果表明有38株链霉菌、1株气微菌和1株假诺卡氏菌.分别使用高氏一号液体培养基和水库水体对这40株放线菌进行摇床发酵,结合顶空固相微萃取(SPME)和气质联用(GC-MS)方法检测发酵液中致嗅物质2-MIB和GSM含量,发现不同放线菌甚至链霉菌属内不同菌种产生致嗅物质的能力不同,且相差较大.放线菌在液体培养基中产致嗅物质2-MIB和GSM能力并不完全代表在水库中对水体2-MIB和GSM的贡献大小.     

连续流系统中好氧段及沉淀段对污泥及其缺氧段脱氮能力的影响

在好氧段3种溶解氧(DO)[3. 0～3. 5 mg·L~(-1)(Ⅰ阶段)、2. 0～2. 5 mg·L~(-1)(Ⅱ阶段)和1. 5～2. 0 mg·L~(-1)(Ⅲ阶段)]的A~2/O实验系统,考察了本段及后续沉淀阶段污泥的变化,以及对系统缺氧段反硝化的影响,并与DO为1. 5～2. 0 mg·L~(-1)的缺氧-好氧(A/O)系统进行了对比.结果表明,沉淀阶段污泥开始发生反硝化作用,脱氮碳源由内、外碳源同时提供;沉淀污泥优先利用外碳源进行反硝化;好氧段DO为1. 5～2. 0 mg·L~(-1)时,沉淀阶段污泥的硝酸盐还原酶活力及反硝化活性最强,此时A~2/O系统缺氧段的反硝化效果也最佳;在与A~2/O系统相同污泥负荷下的A/O系统中,好氧段后污泥中细菌胞内残留的PHB含量要高于A~2/O系统; A~2/O系统沉淀段污泥的反硝化活性高于A/O系统,其硝酸盐还原酶活力是A/O系统的1. 08倍;该污泥回流后,尽管硝态氮充分但A/O系统缺氧段反硝化效果却较A~2/O系统差;沉淀阶段污泥的脱氮性能直接关系到缺氧段反硝化效果.因此,本研究认为在保证沉淀污泥反硝化不严重影响泥水分离的前提下,污水生物脱氮工程中应适当控制好氧段运行、维持沉淀池污泥适当反硝化来提升系统的脱氮效能,而不能仅仅是考虑控制缺氧段.     

Cerebro-costo-mandibular syndrome in a father and a female fetus: early prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis and autosomal dominant transmission

Ultrasonography in a female fetus revealed cystic cervical hygroma, severe micrognathia, and vertebral and upper limb anomalies suggestive of cerebro-costo-mandibular syndrome (CCMS) which was diagnosed ultrasonographically at 16 weeks' gestation. The father is affected and presents with a Pierre Robin sequence, short stature and typical costovertebral anomalies. CCMS is a rare and severe disorder. The high frequency of sporadic cases, vertical transmission, and the excess of sibs affected via horizontal transmission suggest dominant autosomal mutation with possible germinal mosaicism. The vertical familial case detailed in the present report is a reminder of the high risk when one parent or one sibling is affected and the extreme variability of phenotype and costal ossification. Early prenatal ultrasound diagnosis is possible in a severely affected fetus. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.