好氧反硝化菌的化学-物理法诱变育种研究

以实验室SBR反应器分离出的好氧反硝化菌(WXZ-17)为原始菌株,以硫酸二乙酯(DES)为诱变剂进行化学诱变。通过反硝化性能测定筛选较好的正突变体1号,其NO3--N还原率比原始菌株WXZ-17高20.33%,做为物理诱变的出发菌株以紫外线为诱变剂进行物理诱变,优选出的1～6号的NO3--N还原率达到56.11%,比原始菌株WXZ-17号的NO3--N还原率高24.4%,且NO2--N基本没有积累。通过化学—物理相结合的复合诱变法,成功有效地改良了WXZ-17号菌株。     

Mid–trimester hyperechogenic bowel in a fetus of Japanese origin carrying a new mutation of CFTR gene (L548Q)

We present a case of a fetus with hyperechogenic bowel, in which the L548Q mutation was detected in the mother of Japanese origin and the ΔF508 mutation in the father of Caucasian origin. The fetus proved to be compound heterozygous. Research into cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) mutations in this case was triggered by the fact that the fetus had a characteristic hyperechogenic bowel image with normal karyotype and no indications of intrauterine infections. Hyperechogenic bowel is highly indicative of a CFTR gene mutation. The incidence of cystic fibrosis (CF) in fetuses with mid-trimester hyperechogenic bowel is 5%, but once the most frequent mutations have been accounted for, rarer mutations must be investigated. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

3种常用除草剂对细菌抗生素耐药性的影响

抗生素耐药性的传播已严重威胁全球公共健康,近年来研究发现非抗生素类化学物质也能促进细菌耐药性的产生与传播.然而,除草剂的大量使用是否对细菌耐药性产生影响却鲜见报道.本文以模式菌株大肠杆菌(Escherichiacoli DH5α)为研究对象,探究3种常用除草剂(草甘膦、草铵膦和麦草畏)对E.coli DH5α耐药性的影...     

磷脂酶高产菌株的筛选、诱变及其在豆油脱胶中的应用

采用以磷脂为唯一碳源的限制性培养基,从富油土样中筛选得到一株磷脂酶活性较高的菌株Achromobacter sp. BIT-56. 经紫外诱变处理后其磷脂酶活力比原始菌株提高了73.3%,进一步采用紫外-硫酸二乙酯(DES)复合诱变后其磷脂酶活力提高了95.6%. 利用该菌株生产的磷脂酶进行豆油脱胶研究,其适宜的脱胶条件:脱胶温度为40 ℃,pH为5.0,加酶量为100 U/kg,加水量为4%,脱胶时间为4 h,在该条件下脱胶油中磷脂的去除率高达75.6%.      

紫外诱变选育高效降酚微生物

用紫外线作为诱变剂,处理由燕化炼油厂污水厂的活性污泥中驯化筛选得到的降酚菌株,好氧条件筛选出2种高效降酚微生物QH2、QH3,分别为紫外线照射2min和3min。通过正交实验可知,温度对QH2、QH3生长影响有非常显著的意义P<0.01,在30℃时生长良好。应用QH2、QH3菌种处理炼油厂含酚废水,菌种能够有效降解较为复杂的含酚污水,且QH2菌种处理效果最佳。     

复合诱变菌处理氨氮废水

采用诱变技术对微生物菌种进行了诱变处理，分别研究了紫外线诱变菌、硫酸二乙酯（DES）诱变菌和复合诱变菌对含氨废水的降解性能。结果表明，复合诱变后获得的变异菌株Z5对含氨废水中NH4^ -N的去除率比单独采用紫外线或DES诱变后获得的菌株有明显的提高。混合菌种对化肥行业废水中COD的NH4^ -N的去除率可以达到95%～98%，出水能达到行业一级排放标准。     

天水市过去116年气温变化趋势及突变分析

天水位于青藏高原东北部的副热带北部边缘,受大陆性季风气候的影响,生态环境脆弱,是研究全球变化区域响应的理想之地。基于天水市1901—2016年的月平均气温资料,运用一元线性回归、5年滑动平均和Mann-Kendall非参数检验等方法分析了过去116年来天水市气温在不同尺度上的变化特征及突变节点。结果表明：天水市1901—2016年气温总体呈上升趋势,气候倾向率为0.058℃?(10a) ^?1。各季节均表现出增温趋势,春季、夏季、秋季和冬季的线性倾向率分别为0.084℃?(10a) ^?1、0.019℃?(10a) ^?1、0.022℃?(10a) ^?1、0.102℃?(10a) ^?1。最冷月份1月及最热月份7月同样表现出增温趋势,线性倾向率依次为0.085℃?(10a) ^?1、0.038℃?(10a) ^?1。年平均气温在1923年和1993年发生了两次突变。春季和秋季突变年与年平均气温基本一致,夏季气温突变存在超前和滞后现象,冬季突变时间为1978年。最冷月份1月平均气温在1977年发生突变,最热月份7月平均气温突变年份集中在2000年之后。总体而言,天水市过去一百多年来,气温呈上升趋势与全球变暖大背景一致。     

高效石油降解菌的选育及其降解特性研究

从石油化工厂附近的污染土壤中分离到三株石油降解菌w1、w2和w3,经鉴定分别是不动杆菌属、芽孢杆菌属和假单胞菌属。初步研究了菌株的生长特性与其降解石油能力的关系,并将w1和w2进行紫外诱变得到诱变菌yw1和yw2。对诱变前后的菌株进行石油降解实验,结果表明,诱变前的菌株在原油浓度为4000mg/L培养液中培养10d,原油的降解率分别为74.34%和77.58%。而诱变菌株10d降解率达到了79.9%和87.3%。同时,诱变菌株还大大提高了对高浓度石油的耐受能力。     

甲醛污染水的生物学效应

本实验研究甲醛污染的淡水和海水对细菌、植物和动物的生物学效应。甲醛的毒害作用是显著的。含0.036—0.36%甲醛的纯水能引起鼠伤寒沙门氏菌组氨酸缺陷型菌株TA100的回复突变,含0.036%、0.0036%、0.00036%甲醛的水溶液行短期(6h)处理紫露草花枝基部,24h休复后发现四分体细胞中微核率显著增高。含0.0018%、0.0036%、0.018%甲醛的水处理蚕豆根,引起根尖细胞中微核率明显增高。0.00018%甲醛的海水使马粪海胆幼虫在45min内死亡。0.0072%甲醛的海水使该幼虫在2min内死亡。0.0072%甲醛的海水能使贻贝担轮幼虫在5min内死亡。0.00018%甲醛的海水使贻贝幼虫在48h内死亡。0.000108%甲醛的海水使马粪海胆幼虫在72h内死亡。实验证明蚕豆根尖细胞和海胆幼虫是良好的监测淡水与海水污染的材料,甲醛能引起DNA中碱基对置换突变。甲醛在海水中产生增效效应。     

Prenatal exclusion of haemophilia a and carrier testing by direct detection of a disease lesion

A novel mutation was detected in the Factor VIII gene of a sporadic case of severe haemophilia A. The lesion, a CGA → TGA transition, converts Arg 795 to Term and adequately accounts for the severe phenotype observed. PCR/direct sequencing was used to confirm the carrier status in the mother. Exclusion of haemophilia A in an at-risk pregnancy was then achieved by demonstration of the absence of this lesion in fetal DNA from a chorionic villus sample. The mutation was also detectable by chemical cleavage of mismatch (CCM), which both confirmed the prenatal diagnosis and established the carrier status of the proband's sister. This example therefore serves to illustrate the potential of direct gene analysis in sporadic cases of haemophilia A and/or in families uninformative for known RFLPs.     

有机烷酚类化合物致突变性研究

采用鼠伤寒沙门氏菌致突变试验(AmesTest)菌株TA97,TA98,TA100,TA102,对环境中潜在内分泌激素干扰污染物甲基苯酚等12种烷酚类有机物的致突变性进行研究。结果表明,除2,4-二氯苯酚外,烷酚类化合物对Ames试验中TA98菌株的平皿掺入试验,均诱发显示阳性反应;其中对壬基酚、2,6-二甲基苯酚、4-辛基酚等烷基酚类化合物呈强阳性反应,怀疑这几种化合物具有强致突变性,且以碱基移码型突变为主。      

1953-2009年林西站气象要素变化分析

对林西气象站1953-2009年气温、风速、降水量月、季、年观测资料进行了统计,分析了近57年三个要素的年际变化和突变特征,为气象站的迁站资料评估提供参考依据。结果显示,该站近57年平均气温显著升高,平均风速明显减小,两个要素都有明显的突变特征。分析认为,这种变化特征除与区域气候变化的响应有关外,主要与该地城镇的发展及测站周边逐步出现较高建筑物的影响有关。     

紫外诱变优势菌处理含氯废水

采用紫外诱变技术选育高效降解菌，对未诱变菌和６株诱变菌进行含氯废水的降解性能实验。结果表明：紫外诱变的最佳时间是４０ｓ；变异优势菌４＾＃菌株对含氯废水的ＣＯＤＣｒ和ＴＣ１（总氯）的去除率比未诱变优势菌０＾＃菌株分别提高１０％和２０％；变异菌菌株生长速度快，抗有机氯毒性大大提高。     

Prenatal diagnosis of β-thalassemia in Southern Punjab,Pakistan

Pakistan has a large population of more than 150 million people with an overall carrier frequency of approximately 5.6% for β-thalassemia. Punjab is the largest province of the country having more than 50% of the population. The state of β-thalassemia is alarming as consanguinity is very high (>81%) and the literacy rate is low in South Punjab. A thalassemia prevention program is the need of the hour in this part of Pakistan. In this study, we initiated awareness, screening, and characterization of the mutations causing β-thalassemia as well as a genetic counseling program mainly in the districts of Faisalabad and D.G. Khan to establish prenatal diagnosis, a facility previously unavailable in this region for disease prevention. A total of 248 unrelated transfusion-dependent children and the available members of their families were screened to characterize the mutations and identify the carriers. Genetic counseling was provided to these families and prenatal diagnosis offered. In the samples analyzed, 11 β-thalassemia mutations and three hemoglobin variants were detected mainly by using the Monoplex and Multiplex ARMS-PCR. First-trimester prenatal diagnosis was carried out through chorionic villus sampling (CVS) in seven pregnancies at risk. As a result of our campaign, 145 carrier couples planning to have more children gave their consent to have retrospective prenatal diagnosis in every pregnancy in future. A cooperative trend and a positive attitude toward the prevention of β-thalassemia were noticed in the families with affected children and in the general population. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency: mutation analysis and DNA-based prenatal diagnosis

Isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency is an autosomal recessive, neurological disorder resulting from a defect in SUOX, the gene encoding the enzyme that catalyzes the terminal reaction in the sulfur amino acid degradation pathway. In its classical, severe form, sulfite oxidase deficiency leads to intractable seizures, severe and progressive brain pathology and death at an early age. We report here on clinical features and mutational analysis of the genetic defect in a newborn with sulfite oxidase deficiency. Cultured fibroblasts from this patient exhibited no detectable sulfite oxidase activity, and a unique four base pair deletion was present in the cDNA isolated from the same source. Identification of the same genetic defect in a heterozygous state in each of the parents and the monitoring of subsequent pregnancies in this family by DNA-based prenatal diagnosis are also described. The deletion mutation was identified in a homozygous state in uncultured chorionic villus tissue from the second pregnancy that was subsequently terminated. In the third pregnancy, the presence of sulfite oxidase activity and identification of the mutation in a heterozygous state suggested that the fetus was not affected. This pregnancy resulted in the birth of a normal child. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Novel mutations in the human CYP21 gene

The great majority of genetic defects underlying steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency appear to result from intergenic recombinations between the homologous CYP21 and CYP21P genes. For a minority, novel sporadic point mutations have been detected. De novo mutations in CYP21 have also been reported, but only a few studies have systematically screened their occurrence. We here describe a population-based patient sample in order to estimate the rate of single-family (i.e. sporadic) and de novo germline mutations in the human CYP21 locus. Among 76 Finnish families were observed three single-family mutations and two de novo mutations in CYP21. The rates obtained, ∼5% and ∼2% for novel and de novo mutations, respectively, indicate that they are not rare and that their occurrence should not be ignored in genetic diagnostics of this disorder. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Allele frequencies and molecular diagnosis in haemophilia A and B patients from russia and from some Asian Republics of the former U.S.S.R.

RFLP analysis of some intra- and extra-genic polymorphic sites of Factor VIII (FVIII) and Factor IX (FIX) genes with relevant DNA probes or by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out in Slavic populations from the European part of Russia and also in the native ethnic groups of Uzbekistan and Kazahstan. The allele frequencies for the HindIII (intron 19) and XbaI (intron 22) polymorphic sites (PSs) in the FVIII gene were very similar in the two populations studied, but different for the intron 13 (CA)n repeat. Significant variations in the TaqI (intron d) and DdeI (intron a) polymorphisms of the FIX gene were evident between the Russian and Asian populations. Two unusual alleles (4·35 and 4·2 kb) for the extragenic PS St14/TaqI were registered in Slavs and one new allele (380 bp) for the DdeI polymorphic site of FIX was discovered in both Asian populations. Altogether, 210 haemophilia A (HA) and 24 haemophilia B (HB) families were subjected to molecular studies. So far, 160 HA and 12 HB families have been found to be informative for DNA analysis. Carrier status was ascertained in 42 HA and 6 HB female relatives, and rejected in 52 and 10 of them, respectively. The origin of some HA and HB mutations was traced with relevant polymorphic markers in several at-risk families. Prenatal diagnosis was accomplished in 28 HA and three HB families, resulting in the identification of 20 affected male fetuses.