中国亚热带山地逆温资源评价

本文给出了我国亚热带山区不同山系逆温发生几率,逆温层平均海拔高度、厚度及最大逆温强度,描述了山区逆温的时空分布规律及某些因素对逆温暧带分布的影响,提出了我国山区逆温资源的开发利用途径。     

2013~2019年上海早晨接地逆温指标与PM2.5定量关系研究

利用2013~2019年上海宝山观象台08：00时高分辨率气象探空资料识别SBI并计算其3个指标（垂直温差、厚度、强度）,发现在易污染月份（11月、12月、1月、2月）上海早晨SBI的发生频次为35.7%,垂直温差、厚度、强度分别为3.7℃、118m、3.6℃/100m.2013~2019年出现接地逆温的频次有所下降,但其3个指标均没有显著的年变化趋势.当出现接地逆温（SBI）时,2019年易污染月份早晨的PM_2.5浓度高达61.9µg/m³,较无逆温（NTI）时偏高了79%,表明SBI是促发早晨PM_2.5污染的重要气象条件之一.SBI的大气动力热力条件呈现水平风速降低（69%）、边界层通风能力下降（18%~44%）、垂直层结稳定（Ri>0.25）和低温（降低42%）、高湿（上升10%）的特点,非常有利于PM_2.5的局地累积和二次非均相生成,使得2013~2019年早晨的PM_2.5浓度较NTI时偏高了20%~107%.PM_2.5浓度与SBI的垂直温差、厚度都显著正相关,分别拟合为二次非线性关系（P<0.05）,然而与强度的相关性不显著.当接地逆温的垂直温差大于4.6℃、或者厚度大于100m,PM_2.5浓度超过100µg/m³,可作为判别PM_2.5重污染天气的参考阈值.     

Automatic and continuous measurement of aerosol properties in Dunhuang, China

Ground-based simultaneous observations of sun direct and scattering radiation were carded out in Dunhuang for nearly 2 years.Aerosol optical depth, Angstrom wavelength exponent and size distribution were obtained from solar extinction and sky radiation. Water vapor content was obtained from sun direct radiation measurement at 940 nm. Relationship between aerosol properties and water vapor was discussed. Results showed that distinct seasonality of aerosol optical depth and Angstrom wavelength exponent was corresponding to seasonal variation of dust activity. Aerosol relative size distribution kept stable and volume concentration change was the reason resulting in variation of aerosol optical depth. Water vapor had minor effects on aerosol optical and physical properties.     

氮化物在土层中的迁移与转化的研究

通过摸拟实验,研究了氮化物在土层中的迁移与转化作用。结果表明,土层对NH_4~+有很强的吸附作用,NH_4~+难以通过土层进入地下水中:NO_3~--N基本上不被土层吸附,能顺利通过土层进入地下水,故是地下水氮污染的主要形式。     

Antenatal diagnosis of a de novo paracentric inversion of chromosome 11

A de novo paracentric inversion of chromosome 11 identified through antenatal diagnosis is described along with long-term follow-up information on the child and discussion of reported experiences with de novo inversions.     

The prenatal detection of a familial pericentric inversion of chromosome 19

A familial pericentric inversion of chromosome 19 was detected prenatally in a young primagravida. As far as the authors are aware there are no previous published reports of this rare abnormality being ascertained in this manner. The problems of counselling such a family are considered.     

Peri- and paracentric inversions in chromosome 12: Prenatal diagnosis and family study

Three different types of chromosome 12 inversion were seen in 15 individuals out of 44 individuals examined in one 8 generation family. Type 1: a pericentric inversion inv(12) (p112; q131) was found in 7 individuals and twice at prenatal diagnosis. Type 2: a paracentric inversion inv(12) (p123; p131) was seen in two individuals. Two individuals carried both inversion chromosomes, namely type 1 and type 2. The two inversion chromosomes were transmitted from each of the parents. Type 3: a double pericentric and paracentric inversion (type 3) inv(12) (p123; p131) (p112; q131) was observed in the daughter of one of the carriers of type 1 and 2 inversions and again at prenatal diagnosis in her son. The double inversion most likely arose through crossing-over in between the two inversion loops. A balanced translocation t(7; 13) and the inversion type 1 was observed in one individual, who transmitted the translocation only to an offspring. The frequency of inversions in amniotic fluid cells observed in our laboratory was 1·9 per cent. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.     

逆温对吴淞工业区大气质量影响个例分析

以吴淞工业区冬夏二次大气质量监测数据和同时期龙华观象台的探空资料为依据,详细地描述了逆温对大气污染物(SO_2和NO_x)时空变化的影响,并阐述了形成这样的空间分布的污染源排放特点和主要贡献源。为环境管理和规划的实施,提供了科学依据。     

低层通风量及逆温对四川盆地空气质量的影响分析

将四川盆地分为西部平原、中部丘陵和东部山地,采用2014-2020年的ERA5再分析资料、生态环保部官网18个站点的每日AQI监测数据,以及4个探空站的探空数据,利用相关系数和显著性检验的方法,讨论通风量及逆温对空气质量的影响.结果表明,四川盆地空气质量逐年变好,贴地层的通风量等级越大,空气质量越好.总的年均通风量呈先...     

乌鲁木齐市冬季典型污染事件气象过程分析

采用数值模拟与观测资料相结合的方式,对乌鲁木齐市2008年1月10—15日的冬季典型重污染气象过程进行了分析.结果表明:乌鲁木齐市存在严重污染且与当地气象条件密切相关,其ρ(PM10)峰值往往对应近地面风场风向转变和低风速情况.边界层及上层大气持续存在的强稳定层结是影响乌鲁木齐市近地面空气ρ(PM10)变化的重要因素.天山山脉、乌鲁木齐河谷、准噶尔盆地及吐鲁番盆地间形成的山谷风局地环流配合辐射逆温,是形成乌鲁木齐市夜间深厚逆温的重要原因.深厚的夜间逆温在减少污染物向上扩散的同时也大大降低了上下动量的交换,造成地面静风频率的增加,减少了大气污染物平流输送的能力.      

我国西双版纳雾资源及其评价

本文给出了西双版纳雾的类型特征、时空分布，描述了山区辐射雾和逆温暖带形成的机制、规律，及对某些气候要素的影响。最后，提出了山区雾及逆温资源的开发利用途径。     

甲烷排放源逆向轨迹反演模式研究

基于逆向轨迹计算和单点浓度连续观测资料建立了一个甲烷排放源的反演模式 .经系统调试表明模式具有正确反映边界层物理过程的能力 .在理想条件下 ,模式相当准确地反演出 1 0 0km水平范围内设定的排放源和分布 .用 9天的实际甲烷浓度连续观测资料对北京地区的排放源情况进行个例计算 ,获得主要源块的排放率在0 0 0 66～ 0 0 2 6mg/ (m2 ·s)范围内 ,与区域内的重要排放源 (稻田 )的排放情况相一致 .反演所得源块与区域内的稻田分布亦有一定的空间对应关系     

广州市酸雨现状与发展趋势研究

叙述了广州小珠江三角洲范围历年来酸雨分布的特征及其发展趋势。分析表明,春季降水酸性最强,认为是局地源污染与外地源输送叠加的结果。酸性降水中起主要作用的阴离子是SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-。尤以前者更为主要,NO_3~-的作用显著大于西南地区和上海地区;是美国的0.5倍。SO_4~(2-)/NO_3~-值低于西南地区2倍以上。广州市大气中H_2O_2及O_3浓度较高,光化学反应活跃。春季冷空气南下形成静止锋,有利于酸雨的形成。广州的酸雨已进入世界最强范围,与西欧、北美接近。     

Process analysis of characteristics of the boundary layer during a heavy haze pollution episode in an inland megacity, China

Ground observation data from 8 meteorological stations in Xi'an, air mass concentration data from 13 environmental quality monitoring sites in Xi'an, as well as radiosonde observation and wind profile radar data, were used in this study. Thereby, the process, causes and boundary layer meteorological characteristics of a heavy haze episode occurring from 16 to 25 December 2013 in Xi'an were analyzed. Principal component analysis showed that this haze pollution was mainly caused by the high-intensity emission and formation of gaseous pollutants (NO₂, CO and SO₂) and atmospheric particles (PM_2.5 (fine particles) and PM₁₀ (respirable suspended particle). The second cause was the relative humidity and continuous low temperature. The third cause was the allocation of the surface pressure field. The presence of a near-surface temperature inversion at the boundary layer formed favorable stratification conditions for the formation and maintenance of heavy haze pollution. The persistent thick haze layer weakened the solar radiation. Meanwhile, a warming effect in the urban canopy layer and in the transition zone from the urban friction sublayer to the urban canopy was indicated. All these conditions facilitated the maintenance and reinforcement of temperature inversion. The stable atmospheric stratification finally acted on the wind field in the boundary layer, and further weakened the exchange capacity of vertical turbulence. The superposition of a wind field with the horizontal gentle wind induced the typical air stagnation and finally caused the deterioration of air quality during this haze event.     

聚醚砜超滤膜的制备及其工艺条件研究

以聚醚砜（PES）为膜材料,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）为添加剂,N,N-二甲基乙酰胺（DMAc）为溶剂,用相转化法制备了超滤膜。利用正交试验法,研究了制膜参数PES浓度、PVP浓度、凝固浴温度、凝固时间对膜性能的影响显著程度,其中PES浓度、PVP浓度、凝固浴温度对膜通量和截流率都有显著影响;并进一步探讨了这三个显著因素对膜性能的影响规律,得出制备截留分子量为67000的超滤膜的最佳条件为：PES浓度16％-22％,PVP浓度10％～12％,凝固浴温度308K-313K,凝固时间1200s～1800s。     

添加剂PEG对共混超滤膜结构和性能的影响

以不同分子量聚乙二醇 (PEG)作为PSf/A共混超滤膜的添加剂 ,测定所制备膜的水通量、截留率 .结果表明 ,膜的水通量随PEG分子量的变化呈现非线性关系 .当PEG分子量为4000时 ,水通量达到最大值115.2mL·(cm²·h)^-1,是不加PEG时的6倍 .通过超滤实验结果以及膜结构的电镜照片的观察 ,研究了PSf/A共混超滤膜体系中PEG作用的规律 .PEG分子量的增加改变了PSf/A铸膜液体系的相平衡关系 ,使铸膜液成为热力学不稳定体系 ,加速了相分离的发生 ;另外 ,PEG分子量的增加提高了铸膜液的粘度 ,引起相分离的延迟,这2种作用影响了膜的最终结构和性能.     

Pericentric inversion of the Y chromosome and prenatal diagnosis

Pericentric inversion of the human Y chromosome has been estimated to occur with a frequency of 1–2 per thousand in various populations, and the results of this study, derived from over 12 000 prenatal diagnosis cases, is 1.15 per 1000. In these cases, it was concluded that there was no clinical significance because the fathers and male fetuses had the same pericentric inversion. Chromosome analysis of the father is advisable to determine whether or not the inversion is familial in order to be able to provide genetic counselling.     

气象条件对可吸入颗粒物浓度的影响

气象条件对可吸入颗粒物浓度有较大的影响,通过对鞍山市二年来的监测数据进行分析,得出了结论并提出建议.     

逆温天气与鄂尔多斯高原中小城镇大气污染

本文根据鄂尔多斯高原逆温天气的形成，讨论了高原地区中小城镇大气污染的时空分布及控制污染的可行性途径。     

金属离子污染砂土复电阻率的时变特征及形成机制

为研究不同污染情况下土壤复电阻率的时间变异特征及控制机制,设计了人工砂土和水2种不同的介质作对照,以NaCl、MnCl₂和模拟海水作为污染物分别模拟海水入侵和金属离子污染场景,测量10⁰~10³Hz范围内的相位变化并观测其时变特性.结果显示,无论在纯液相介质中还是在土壤介质中,相位值都随着污染物浓度的增大而减小,随频率的增大而增大.随着污染物浓度的变化,土壤介质中的相位比水相介质中更加敏感.在土壤和水的背景环境下,通入1g/L的NaCl溶液,在1Hz条件下测量,土壤相位下降了约42%,而水相介质几乎看不出相位变化.针对固定频率进行多次测量的结果表明,水相介质中的相位值稳定而土壤介质中的相位值在中高频段（>16Hz）表现出了明显的时变特征,这种时变性也随着污染物浓度的增大而减小.在10²Hz时,测得沙柱背景值的相位浮动范围在-4.05~-11.67mrad,方差达到4.8,而在水相溶液中方差仅为0.09.复电阻率法对金属离子污染土壤的反应很灵敏,有较好的指示意义,其参数变化主要与孔隙水中金属离子含量有关.但由于多相介质的相界面特征以及孔隙结构的复杂性,使得交变电流下电荷载流子在介质中的迁移极化规律混乱,造成相位波动.