MAP法沉淀回收尿液中氮磷的研究

从尿液中回收氮和磷,不但可以减少污水厂的负荷,还可以回收氮磷资源,具有较好的经济效益与环境效益。采用磷酸铵镁结晶法(MAP)去除和回收尿液中的氮和磷,并采用反渗透浓水作为沉淀镁源,达到以废治废的目的。在研究新鲜尿液水解特性的基础上,采用Mg Cl2作为尿液沉淀镁源,得出反应的最优化条件为:p H为9.5,n(Mg2+)∶n(PO3-4-P)为1.1∶1,搅拌速度为120 r/min、沉淀时间为90 min,并利用工业废水RO浓水替代Mg Cl2沉淀镁源回收废物尿液中的磷,去除率可达90%以上。     

磷回收技术的研发现状及发展趋势

磷是地球上一种不可自然再生的有限资源,磷的这一属性近年来已诱使国际磷矿石价格一路飙升,较10年前翻了6番.与此同时,全球范围内普遍存在着陆地磷矿产资源日益匮乏与水环境中磷含量过高而导致水体富营养化这一矛盾.这样的资源与环境现状目前正推动着以"回收"磷代替"去除"磷之理念的快速传播与研发技术的实际应用;从污水以及动物粪尿中发掘"第二磷矿"的设想目前正被国际社会所日益青睐.2009年5月"第4届从污水中回收营养物国际会议"高度浓缩了当今世界有关磷回收技术的研发与应用现状.以此次会议内容为主线,结合其他方面最新研究与应用成果,首先对磷回收偏爱产物——鸟粪石形成的pH等重要反应条件之基础性研究成果进行了概述.其次,详细阐述了磷回收技术的研发进展,除传统的化学沉淀、结晶、吸附/解吸附等方法外,还着重介绍了尿液源分离、MBR、纳米技术、丝状聚磷微生物、生物浸取/生物富集、生物铁工艺等新型磷回收技术,以及动物粪尿磷回收、污泥及肉骨焚烧灰回收磷与生物质磷回收技术.最后,以实例说明磷回收产物在农业和水产养殖业方面的尝试效果,并对磷回收未来技术发展趋势进行了宏观展望.     

剩余污泥中磷的回收利用

基于我国磷资源的短缺和城市污泥处理处置的现状,针对磷元素的流动特性,分析了城市污泥中磷回收的必要性。探讨了污泥中磷由固相释放至液相的厌氧消化法、臭氧氧化法、热处理法、超声波溶胞法和焚烧溶出法等方法,并对回收污泥中磷的化学沉淀法、吸附解析法、焚烧热处理法、纳滤法等的原理和研究现状进行了综述,对城市污泥中磷释放与回收技术的研究、开发与应用前景进行了展望,为城市污泥中磷的资源化回收利用提供指导。     

规模化畜禽养殖废水厌氧发酵液处理研究

本文介绍了一种畜禽养殖废水厌氧发酵液的处理方法,该方法将新型脱氮除磷技术和化学沉淀磷酸盐回收法结合,可实现废水的深度脱氮除磷和高浓度磷酸盐浓缩液的磷资源回收,具有工艺占地面积小、运行负荷高、效果稳定、操作维护方便、出水易达标排放等优点。     

循环经济背景下污水厂污泥中铝盐的分离与回收技术研究进展

污泥资源化是我国解决资源与环境问题、实现减污降碳的重要举措。污泥中铝盐组分的回收和循环利用是推动污水处理厂绿色发展的有效措施,也是同步提高污泥中磷、有机质等资源高效回收的重要途径。综述了铝系混凝剂在污水污泥中的物质流向和反应机制;基于污泥中铝盐的赋存形态分析,以铝盐释放-分离-回用的技术路线为核心,全面回顾了污泥中铝盐回收的相关技术与研究现状,探讨了其对磷回收的影响。重点分析了铝盐的多种分离技术,以克服污泥中磷、重金属在酸性条件下共溶的障碍,包括顺序沉淀、离子交换树脂、液液萃取、硫化物沉淀、Donnan膜以及电渗析工艺。提出了铝盐与磷的联合回收工艺,针对污泥中铝盐回收现状及问题,展望了铝盐回收效率进一步提高、全链条经济效益及铝盐混凝剂循环利用综合评估等热点研究方向,旨在推动构建资源化水平更高、更符合循环经济模式的污水及污泥处理系统。     

强化磷酸铵镁法回收源分离黄水中氮磷的试验研究

为强化氮磷的回收与资源化利用,采用磷酸铵镁法处理源分离黄水。分析了p H值、Mg∶N∶P(摩尔比)、搅拌时间、搅拌速度、温度等因素对氮磷回收效果的影响,考察了p H值调节方式对氮磷回收的强化作用。结果表明:p H值调节方式和Mg∶N∶P是影响氮磷回收效果的主要因素;改善pH值的调节方式可以提高氮磷回收率并节省镁源和磷源的投加;在初始pH值为9且首次反应结束后pH值回调至9、Mg∶N∶P=1.1∶1∶1的条件下,氮、磷回收率分别达到82.6%和94.5%,获得的沉淀晶体呈斜方晶型且杂质较少。     

基于源分离的农村污水资源化技术现状与展望

针对目前中国农村的生活污水收集配套设施不健全、处理技术不适用等问题,本文通过分析农村生活污水的组成与特点,提出采用源分离与资源回收利用相结合的技术模式。首先阐述了黑灰分离、粪尿分离2种源分离方案的实施方式与可行性;然后针对源分离处理后产生的黑水、黄水、灰水等分别归纳分析了适宜于农村地区的资源化处理技术;最后基于源分离的污水资源化处理技术发展瓶颈与趋势,提出了重点研发方向和建议。     

湿地植物对外源氮、磷输入的响应研究

通过人工控制试验,研究了氮、磷输入对沼泽湿地植物地上生物量,相对密度以及植物对氮、磷吸收量的影响.结果表明:营养物质氮、磷的长时间累积,导致湿地植物地上生物量和相对密度均呈逐渐下降的年际变化趋势,地上生物量和相对密度之间表现为微弱的单峰变化关系.在氮输入下,随着氮施用量的升高,氮的吸收率从62.3%下降到5.5%;在磷输入下,随着磷施用量的升高,磷的吸收率从3.1%下降到0.8%.氮、磷的施用量愈高,植物对氮、磷的吸收率愈小.氮、磷输入有可能改变湿地生态系统的物种组成和结构及湿地生态系统的稳定和保护,应当考虑湿地中营养物质的长期作用.      

污泥中磷回收技术比较分析

对污泥中磷的回收技术进行比较分析。介绍了污水污泥中利用热化学除磷的方法,阐述了方法的原理、优缺点以及常用的处理工艺,对磷回收的原理、工艺进行了论述。     

化学磷回收辅助A2O工艺处理低碳城市污水的除磷规律

碳量偏低对城市污水进行脱氮除磷来说比较困难.研究采用化学磷回收辅助A2O工艺处理低碳城市污圹水,考察生物除磷效果及其影响因素.试验结果表明:磷的出水浓度可以达到0.5 mg/L以下,且可以实现磷的回收;HRT、SRT和DO是影响除磷效果的关键因素.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.