序批式曝气生物滤池处理生活污水的中试研究

报道了沸石为填料的序批式曝气生物滤池处理生活污水的中试实验,研究了曝气时间、曝气量和生活污水浓度对处理效果的影响。结果表明,沸石作曝气生物滤池的填料效果较好。曝气2h后,即可达到很好的去除效果,污水进水COD和BOD5浓度分别为300～800mg/L和170～400mg/L时,去除率分别达到90%～70%和90%～88%。进水COD浓度分别为312.6mg/L和530.6mg/L,曝气量0.6m3/h,处理2h后出水COD浓度分别为30.63mg/L和103.92mg/L,去除率>90%,出水达到污水处理二级排放标准。因此,以沸石为填料的序批式曝气生物滤池是一种高效、低耗、具有较好应用前景的单体生活污水处理设备。     

跌水曝气浅层生物接触氧化工艺的研究

利用跌水曝气浅层生物接触氧化工艺处理模拟生活污水,结果表明：温度升高、高度增加、流量增大均能使跌水充氧效果提高,其中跌水高度影响最为显著。实验确定最佳跌水高度为0.6m,反应器的合理深度为0.4m;当进水流量为40L/h,进水COD,NH3-N平均值分别为160,15.8mg/L时,两者的去除率分别为64.8%和32.7%。     

曝气强度对膜生物反应器处理石化废水工艺运行特征的影响

采用膜生物反应器(Membrane Bioreactor,MBR)处理石化废水,研究曝气强度分别为1.50,3.00 m3/(m2·h)的条件下,MBR对石化废水中主要污染物的去除特征、跨膜压差(Trans Membrane Pressure,TMP)和混合液性质的变化特征。结果表明:在两种曝气强度条件下MBR对COD、NH+4-N及挥发酚等污染物的平均去除率分别为80.74%、80.23%、96.79%和97.55%、99.34%、98.84%,即在不同曝气条件下,曝气强度的变化对MBR的污染物去除性能无显著影响。但随着曝气强度由1.50 m3/(m2·h)增加到3.00 m3/(m2·h),MBR达到设定的最大跨膜压差(TMPMax=25k Pa)的运行时间由11.8 d增加到31.4 d,TMP上升速率降低。通过活性污泥颗粒粒径分析发现:增加曝气强度后,对膜污染影响显著的活性污泥颗粒粒径范围(0~2μm)所占体积比由2.10%减小到1.78%;并且混合液中溶解性微生物产物(soluble microbial product,SMP)和胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substance,EPS)质量浓度分别由24.07 mg/L和15.66 mg/g减小到15.14 mg/L和9.81 mg/g,从而降低了膜污染速率。     

高铁锰氨氮地下水净化试验及氧化动力学

在水厂,以中试模拟滤柱开展了高铁锰氨氮(8~10℃,TFe 6~14mg/L,Mn 0.8~1.5mg/L,NH_4~+-N 2.0~3.0mg/L)地下水净化试验及氧化动力学分析.结果表明,一级曝气+一级过滤、一级曝气+两级过滤工艺均由于溶解氧(DO)不足,对高铁锰氨氮地下水净化失败;曝气生物滤池由于曝气对水流造成紊动,净化效果最差;曝气生物滤池+两级过滤工艺可实现高铁锰氨氮地下水净化,但是运行滤速仅有6.0m/h;两级曝气+两级过滤工艺净化效果最优,可实现高铁锰、氨氮地下水(8~10℃,TFe 17.66mg/L,Mn 1.71mg/L,NH_4~+-N 3.37mg/L)净化,一级和二级滤速分别可达13.25m/h和12.75m/h,且在低温下亦适用,可实现低温高铁高锰高氨氮(5~6℃,TFe 9.72mg/L,Mn 3.29mg/L,NH_4~+-N 3.44mg/L)地下水的净化,一级和二级极限滤速分别为10.0m/h和8.0m/h.氧化动力学分析表明,铁氧化去除遵循一级化学氧化动力学规律,其氧化动力学常数为(1.02~1.18)×10.氨氮和锰的去除均遵循零级酶促反应动力学规律,其氧化动力学常数分别为(0.15~0.83)×10~(-1)和(0.31~1.20)×10~(-1).除铁除锰生物滤池中,铁的氧化去除速率最快,优先完成去除,锰和氨氮完成氧化去除的先后顺序受基质浓度大小影响较大.     

阶梯曝气对城市污水好氧颗粒污泥系统的影响

为实现低C/N城市污水的同步脱氮除磷,采用SBR反应器以厌氧/好氧(A/O)为运行方式,在保持总曝气量900 L不变的条件下调整曝气策略[将均匀曝气2. 81 L·(h·L)-1改为先高强度4. 22 L·(h·L)-1后低强度1. 88 L·(h·L)-1的"高/低曝气"和先低强度1. 88 L·(h·L)-1后高强度4. 22 L·(h·L)-1的"低/高曝气"].试验考察了不同曝气策略下系统的脱氮除磷性能及污泥特性.结果表明,高/低曝气下系统的脱氮除磷效果最佳,出水NH_4+-N、NO_2--N、NO_3--N和TP浓度分别为0、0. 15、8. 12和0. 04 mg·L~(-1),总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)去除率分别为78. 33%和99. 19%,同步硝化内源反硝化(SNED)作用明显,SNED率为77. 08%.且相比于均匀曝气,系统硝化速率及反硝化速率均增加,反硝化速率(以N/VSS计)达到整个运行过程中的最大值,为14. 33 mg·(g·h)-1,同时颗粒污泥密实度、沉降性能及稳定性提高,污泥容积指数(SVI)为23. 49 m L·g~(-1).调整曝气策略为低/高曝气后,系统脱氮除磷性能变差,TN和TP去除率均降至最低,分别为51. 26%和58. 32%,但此时系统硝化性能最佳,氨氧化速率和硝酸盐生成速率均达到整个运行过程中的最大值,分别为14. 92 mg·(g·h)-1和7. 50 mg·(g·h)-1,同时颗粒污泥中丝状菌大量繁殖、结构松散、沉降性及稳定性均变差,SVI升至40. 76 m L·g~(-1).故采取高/低阶梯曝气策略有利于AGS系统高效脱氮除磷及提高稳定性.     

游离氨(FA)协同曝气时间对活性污泥沉降性能的影响

采用3个序批式反应器(SBR)(R0:硝化结束时停曝气;R_(0-30):硝化结束提前30 min停曝气;R_(0+30):硝化结束延迟30 min停曝气),控制3种游离氨(FA)浓度梯度(0.5,5.1,10.1 mg/L)协同3种曝气时间(t0:硝化结束时停曝气;t0-30:硝化结束提前30 min停曝气;t0+30:硝化结束延迟30 min停曝气)的条件下,研究了FA协同曝气时间对活性污泥沉降性能的影响。结果表明:整个试验过程,在初始FA浓度相同条件下,R0和R_(0+30)系统NH+4-N平均去除率分别为98.6%和99.3%,而R_(0-30)系统NH+4-N平均去除率仅为72.3%。在较低FA浓度(0.5,5.1 mg/L)条件下,随着曝气时间增加,活性污泥的污泥沉降比(SV30)值和污泥体积指数(SVI)值均逐渐降低,污泥沉降性能趋好。在较高FA浓度(10.1 mg/L)条件下,随着运行周期的增加,污泥沉降性能逐步变好,R_(0-30)系统的SVI平均值最大,R_(0+30)系统次之,R0系统最小,其值分别为165.1,152.5,134.5 m L/g,且污泥活性f平均值大小顺序fR_(0-30)>fR0>fR_(0+30),其值分别为0.77、0.70和0.65。这表明在较高FA浓度(10.1 mg/L)条件下,曝气时间延长,导致污泥活性降低。     

EGSB-MBR组合工艺处理糖蜜发酵废水效能研究

实验采用厌氧膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)反应器与好氧膜生物反应器(MBR)组合工艺对糖蜜发酵废水进行处理.重点考察了组合工艺对发酵废水的处理效能,包括甲烷的产生效率、污染物(COD、NH4+-N和TN)的去除效能.实验结果表明:控温条件下[(35±1)℃]、进水COD约为2250mg/L、pH在为6.0左右时,EGSB对发酵废水的COD去除率可达75.6%,甲烷的容积产气速率为0.48m3/(m3·d).MBR在溶解氧(DO)为1~2mg/L左右时,采用曝气-搅拌交替运行方式处理EGSB出水,可以实现同步硝化反硝化,并且在曝气3h-搅拌1h交替运行条件下,NH4+-N、TN去除率分别为85.13%、58.57%,而最终COD去除率达到85%.     

气提反应器处理中等浓度生活污水的试验研究

对气提反应器处理生活污水进行了试验研究,探讨了生物膜的形成和水力停留时间及曝气量时中低浓度生活污水处理效果的影响.结果表明:最优条件是在HRT为6h,曝气量为0.6 m3/h,进水COD和NH4+-N质量浓度分剐为240.2～298.7 mg/L和29.1～68.9 mg/L条件下,平均COD去除率为83%,NH4+-N去除率为95.1%.     

曝气充氧对污水中硫化物去除效果的研究

为了降低污水中高浓度硫化物对构筑物的腐蚀以及人体的危害,在预处理设施沉砂池中进行曝气充氧试验,研究了不同的曝气量(3 m3/h、4 m3/h、6 m3/h、8 m3/h)和不同的水力停留时间(10 min、20 min、30 min)对污水中硫化物去除效果的影响,并探讨硫化物的氧化效果。试验结果表明:反应器出水中的硫化物浓度随着曝气量、水力停留时间的增大而降低;硫化物的氧化效果随着曝气量的增加,呈先减小后增大的趋势。在最佳曝气量4 m3/h、停留时间30 min时,硫化物平均去除率为94.6%,平均氧化率为83.8%。     

厌氧-好氧生物滤池处理城市污水试验

研究了生物滤池处理城市污水的性能特点,结果表明:厌氧-好氧生物滤池去除城市污水中的CODCr、SS和NH4+-N等具有较好的效果,当进水CODCr、SS和NH4+-N分别为23、112mg/L和56mg/L时,水力停留时间8h,曝气强度在0·5~0·6L/(m2·s)时,CODCr、SS和NH4+-N的去除率分别在90%、80%和75%以上。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.