超声波预处理对污泥干燥特性的影响

城市污泥的高含水率对其处理处置带来了各种不便.超声波由于功率大、穿透能力强、可引起空化作用等特性而在污泥干燥方面具有独特的优势.针对超声波对污泥干燥特性的影响进行实验研究,通过污泥干燥实验研究了超声处理时间、超声波功率、超声水温和干燥温度4种因素对污泥干燥特性的影响.结果表明,超声处理能够加速污泥表面自由水分蒸发和快速结束平稳干燥阶段,有效提高污泥干燥效率;超声处理对污泥干燥特性的改善随超声波功率(100~250 W)、超声水温和干燥温度的升高而更加明显.在低温105℃下干燥时,短时间的超声处理3 min对污泥干燥特性的改善效果最好.超声处理对污泥干燥整体效率的提高使其有望成为污泥低成本干化的有效方法,并为污泥干燥工艺的优化提供参考.     

剩余污泥深度干燥的研究进展

剩余污泥的含水率较高,对污泥进行干燥处理可以极大程度地减少污泥的水分。首先分析了污泥的含水特性和干燥污泥机理,然后分析了主要的污泥干燥方法研究现状,如热风干燥、过热蒸汽干燥、间接干燥、低温热流干燥、热泵干燥、太阳能干燥等。此外,探究了新型的污泥干燥技术及污泥干燥过程中可能产生的污染物,并在此基础上,对污泥干燥技术的发展方向进行了展望。     

冷冻对脱水污泥干燥与燃烧特性的影响

为了研究冷冻对脱水污泥干燥与燃烧特性的影响,考察了不同冷冻温度对污泥干燥效果的影响.利用同步热重分析仪(TG-DTA)研究了不同冷冻温度和升温速率对脱水污泥燃烧特性的影响,并进行了污泥燃烧动力学分析.结果表明:与原泥相比,冷冻将脱水污泥变成了可进行破碎的硬质结构,当温度降到-20℃时,破碎污泥的干燥速率提升了41.46...     

城市污泥薄层干燥特性及动力学研究

通过污泥干燥实验,研究了污泥干燥过程中的形貌变化,考察了泥层厚度、温度、风速对污泥干燥特性的影响,并引入薄层干燥模型,采用MATLAB对污泥干燥的动力学过程进行模拟。结果表明:污泥中网络状的絮体结构不利于水分的蒸发;在泥层厚度为0.4 mm,将污泥含水百分比20%作为干燥终点时,干燥过程为恒速干燥,能够有效地降低干燥时间;提高温度和风速,可以提高污泥水分的表面蒸发速率,减少干燥时间;Page模型比其他模型更适合本次污泥干燥分析。应用Fick扩散模型,得到在温度50~70℃、泥层厚度0.4~2.0 mm条件下有效扩散系数的变化范围为1.13×10-9~8.90×10-9m2/s,并得到了有效扩散系数随厚度、温度变化的关系式。     

污泥干燥特性及其模型求解

相同质量污泥(3.0±0.01)g在85¹45℃下进行恒温干燥实验,得到污泥干燥过程中含水率、干燥速率等变化规律,采用多元线性回归对实验数据进行分析,得到污泥干燥动力学模型。结果表明:污泥在干燥过程中经历加速、恒速和降速3个阶段,3个阶段的分界点固定在污泥失重率为10%和65%处而不随干燥温度的变化而变化;在同一干燥温度下,饼状污泥的干燥速率大于球状污泥;Logarithmic干燥模型MR=a·exp(-kt)+b在各干燥温度下均最适宜表述污泥干燥过程,其参数a、b与干燥温度T呈二次多项式关系,参数k与干燥温度T呈一次线性关系;饼状污泥的有效扩散系数D eff在9.21×10-6145℃下进行恒温干燥实验,得到污泥干燥过程中含水率、干燥速率等变化规律,采用多元线性回归对实验数据进行分析,得到污泥干燥动力学模型。结果表明:污泥在干燥过程中经历加速、恒速和降速3个阶段,3个阶段的分界点固定在污泥失重率为10%和65%处而不随干燥温度的变化而变化;在同一干燥温度下,饼状污泥的干燥速率大于球状污泥;Logarithmic干燥模型MR=a·exp(-kt)+b在各干燥温度下均最适宜表述污泥干燥过程,其参数a、b与干燥温度T呈二次多项式关系,参数k与干燥温度T呈一次线性关系;饼状污泥的有效扩散系数D eff在9.21×10-6².22×10-5m2/min,球状污泥的有效扩散系数D eff在6.55×10-62.22×10-5m2/min,球状污泥的有效扩散系数D eff在6.55×10-6¹.37×10-5m2/min。且随着干燥温度的上升,有效扩散系数D eff呈上升趋势。在相同干燥温度下,饼状污泥的有效扩散系数大于球状污泥。     

钢铁废水污泥吸附除磷特性

为处理含磷废水同时实现钢铁污泥资源化利用,将钢铁污泥用于吸附除磷,从磷吸附影响因素、动力学模型、吸附等温线等方面研究了钢铁污泥对水中磷酸盐的吸附特性,并通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)等表征手段对吸附机理进行了探究.结果显示,钢铁污泥对水中磷具有优良的吸附性能,在pH=2.00,温度为40°C时,磷...     

污泥热泵低温干化技术优势与问题探讨

污泥的显著特征是含水率高和黏度大,机械脱水污泥含水率在80％左右.由于其含水率高,体积庞大,为污泥处理处置带来了经济和技术上的困难.降低污泥含水率是无害化、减量化处理的关键和资源化利用的前提.加热干化是污泥深度脱水最有效方法之一,但传统热风对流干燥存在效率低、能耗高及尾气处理难度大等问题.热泵干燥是近年来开发的1种污泥...     

基于骨架构建的污泥脱水/固化研究进展

从现阶段污泥处理与处置存在的问题出发,通过介绍目前污泥可脱水性的研究现状,阐述了基于骨架构建体的污泥脱水及污泥固化技术在污泥处置方面应用的研究现状,提出了污泥调理脱水与固化处置一体化技术在污泥处理与处置方面的应用前景.     

污泥过热蒸汽搅拌干燥装置设计及试验

为了实现城市污泥高效、安全、节能的干燥处理,选用过热蒸汽作为干燥介质,辅助以机械搅拌,设计了1种污泥过热蒸汽搅拌干燥试验装置,并对污泥搅拌干燥装置的主要组件以及工作原理进行了介绍。利用该装置进行了主轴转速对污泥干燥效果影响的初步试验。试验结果表明:主轴转速越高,出料污泥的含水率越高。在200℃的过热蒸汽和10 kg/h的加料速度下,主轴转速为300,450 r/min时,含水率分别降低至29.91%和37.45%,已达到较好的干燥效果。从污泥表观形态可以看出:主轴转速越高,污泥颗粒越小,有利于成型,但在高转速时污泥破碎不充分,综合考虑主轴转速适宜取450 r/min。     

锅炉废气流化床污泥干化塔的热力计算与分析

利用锅炉尾部废烟气(120～190℃)干化市政污泥,降低污泥含水率可达到后继合理利用。从三方面对污泥干化进行了分析:1)干燥后污泥含水率与污泥处理量关系;2)入口烟温、流量与污泥处理量关系;3)干燥后烟气相对湿度影响因素分析。结果表明:提高入口烟温、流量,污泥出口含水率都可以提高污泥处理量,高入口烟温、流量下,污泥处理量受含水率的影响更大;污泥出口含水率高时,入口烟温提高使污泥处理量提高增大显著;入口烟气流量愈高,入口烟温提高对污泥处理量的增加愈大。干燥后烟气相对湿度与入口烟温有关,干燥之后的烟气的相对湿度离饱和状态较远,此温度范围内的出口烟气湿度还有较大的余量。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.