超细煤粉在氧化条件下NOx的释放特性实验研究

采用DTG(热重/差热分析仪)和GC-MS(气相色谱质谱联用仪)对鹤岗煤超细化煤粉进行燃烧试验,分析了粒径、氧气浓度、升温速率对NOx释放的影响.结果表明,不同粒径的鹤岗煤在氧气浓度为20%的燃烧条件下,NOx的析出均为单峰曲线;粒径对煤粉燃烧NOx释放有重要影响,超细化煤粉可以减少NOx的排放;在5.10、20℃/min升温条件下,随升温速率的增大NO和NO2的析出量也增加,并且NO的最大析出速率对应的温度随着升温速率的提高也提高;随着燃烧气氛氧气浓度的增高,NOx的析出量相应增加,并且NOx的最大析出速率对应温度相应降低.     

乙烯基乙炔热危险性研究

为研究乙烯基乙炔的热危险性,采用C80微量热仪研究了乙烯基乙炔在空气中的放热现象,得到了升温速率对乙烯基乙炔聚合放热的影响、反应活化能以及绝热条件下达到最大反应速率所需时间TMRad.结果表明:随着升温速率的增大,乙烯基乙炔的起始放热温度和最大放热温度随之升高;活化能范围为50 ～ 170 kJ/mol;TMRad为1,8,24,48 h时对应的起始温度分别为112.69,99.65,93.78,90.23 ℃.     

脱水污泥等温干燥特性实验研究及回归分析

利用热重差热分析仪（DTG）对脱水污泥进行干燥实验,测定干燥参数和干燥条件对脱水污泥等温干燥特性的影响,研究了3个温度水平（85℃,100℃,120℃）,5个空气流速（10mL/min,20mL/min,40mL/min,50mL/min,70mL/min）和3个升温速率（15℃/min,20℃/min,40℃/min）。结果表明,样品的干燥速率随着终温的升高、升温速率和空气流速的增大而加快。脱水污泥的干燥过程主要分为加速、恒速和降速3个阶段,且降速干燥段在整个干燥过程中所占的比例较大。其干燥数学模型符合Page方程,经拟合得到 。验证表明,拟合方程算得的MR值与实验结果比较接近。该模型方程可用于描述城市污水污泥的干燥。     

污泥与煤混烧动力学及常规污染物排放分析

采用热重分析法研究了不同污泥掺烧比例及不同加热速率时污泥与煤的热失重特性.探讨了掺烧污泥对煤燃烧特性的影响,分析了掺入污泥对煤的燃烧变化规律,并进行了动力学分析.结果表明,加热速率增加时,样品的失重速率增大,开始失重温度及最终燃尽温度升高.掺烧时的TG曲线在400~600℃时有一个明显的失重阶段.失重速率峰值随着掺烧比的提高而升高,对应的温度降低.掺烧污泥后的混合样品的燃烧温度范围比单一燃煤时少20~100℃.非等温动力学模型分析可得,少量的污泥与煤掺烧时所需的活化能与煤较接近,对煤的正常燃烧影响不大.不同比例掺烧时产生的烟气中NOx、SO2、CO2生成量及减排规律因N、S、C含量不同而各有差异.热重分析及模型分析法可以为不同理化特性的煤与污泥掺烧提供初始理论依据.     

污泥与煤混烧动力学及常规污染物排放分析

采用热重分析法研究了不同污泥掺烧比例及不同加热速率时污泥与煤的热失重特性.探讨了掺烧污泥对煤燃烧特性的影响,分析了掺入污泥对煤的燃烧变化规律,并进行了动力学分析.结果表明,加热速率增加时,样品的失重速率增大,开始失重温度及最终燃尽温度升高.掺烧时的TG曲线在400~600℃时有一个明显的失重阶段.失重速率峰值随着掺烧比的提高而升高,对应的温度降低.掺烧污泥后的混合样品的燃烧温度范围比单一燃煤时少20~100℃.非等温动力学模型分析可得,少量的污泥与煤掺烧时所需的活化能与煤较接近,对煤的正常燃烧影响不大.不同比例掺烧时产生的烟气中NOx、SO2、CO2生成量及减排规律因N、S、C含量不同而各有差异.热重分析及模型分析法可以为不同理化特性的煤与污泥掺烧提供初始理论依据.     

废旧聚氨酯硬泡热解特性

采用热重分析仪对废旧聚氨酯硬泡在氮气中的热失重行为进行了研究,并对升温速率、热解终温对热解的影响进行了分析. 结果表明:在氮气气氛条件下,废旧聚氨酯硬泡热解主要发生在200～492 ℃;随着升温速率的提高,废旧聚氨酯硬泡热失重时挥发分初析温度向高温方向偏移,失重速率峰值(DTG_max)显著增大.利用热重-红外(TG-FTIR)联用方法对氮气气氛中10 ℃/min升温速率下的样品热解气体产物进行了检测. 结果表明:废旧聚氨酯硬泡热解产物有H₂O,CO₂,CO,CFC-11,以及含氯化合物、烯烃类、烷烃类和带有苯环等官能团的化合物,且主要气体产物有相似的析出规律.      

采用热重分析法研究煤掺烧干污泥燃烧特性

利用热重分析法对干污泥和煤及二者混合样的燃烧特性进行了研究.结果表明,在空气介质、升温速率25℃/min、温度范围20~1000℃的情况下,干污泥分别在280℃、480℃出现2个失重峰,煤在500℃时出现1个失重峰.随着干污泥掺烧比增加,混合样失重速率峰值及最大燃烧速率值增大,出现温度提前.一定比例范围的干污泥掺烧可以改善煤的着火性能,有利于煤的稳定燃烧,燃料的可燃烧性指数增加,使燃烧特性改善,该指数介于干污泥和煤单一成分燃烧特性指数之间.     

造纸污泥与褐煤混合燃烧特性及动力学研究

该文通过造纸污泥和褐煤的混合燃烧的热重实验,得到TG和DTG曲线,分析不同混合比例以及不同升温速率(10、20及40 K/min)对燃烧过程的影响,并对燃烧动力学模型的相关参数进行求解,得到了不同燃烧条件下的活化能。研究发现褐煤的燃烧过程有一个明显的失重峰,对应的工况为10 K/min升温速率,其最大失重速率为-7.6%,对应燃烧温度为403.3℃。污泥的燃烧过程分为挥发分和固定碳2个燃烧过程,分别出现在270~575℃和575~727℃之间,采用Coats-Redfern方程计算得到的活化能分别为82.47 kJ/mol和199.26 kJ/mol。污泥与褐煤混合燃烧时,混合试样的最大失重速率随升温速率的提高而增加。通过KAS等转化率及Coats-Redfern方程2种方法分析得出,污泥与褐煤混合燃烧时,污泥的加入可降低混合物着火所需的活化能,降低着火温度,改善燃烧过程。     

超细煤粉在氧化条件下NOx的释放特性实验研究

采用DTG(热重/差热分析仪)和GC-MS(气相色谱质谱联用仪)对鹤岗煤超细化煤粉进行燃烧试验,分析了粒径、氧气浓度、升温速率对NO_x释放的影响.结果表明,不同粒径的鹤岗煤在氧气浓度为20％的燃烧条件下,NO_x的析出均为单峰曲线;粒径对煤粉燃烧NO_x释放有重要影响,超细化煤粉可以减少NO_x的排放;在5、10、20 ℃/min升温条件下,随升温速率的增大NO和NO₂的析出量也增加,并且NO的最大析出速率对应的温度随着升温速率的提高也提高;随着燃烧气氛氧气浓度的增高,NO_x的析出量相应增加,并且NO_x的最大析出速率对应温度相应降低.     

沸石负载钾基吸收剂再生试验研究

介绍了13X沸石分子筛负载钾基CO_2吸收剂的制备方法,通过扫描电镜分析其微观结构,采用热重分析方法研究其再生反应特性。考察了不同反应终温和升温速率对再生反应特性的影响规律,并采用热分析动力学方法求取了再生反应特性参数。结果表明,KHCO_3负载于沸石分子筛上之后,改善了吸收剂的表观结构,有利于反应进行;分解终温增大能提高反应速率,但高于200℃之后,效果不明显;升温速率低于15℃/min时对再生反应影响显著,但超过15℃/min后影响减弱;吸收剂再生反应表观活化能为41.09~45.60 k J/mol,当升温速率为10℃/min时,所需活化能最小,为41.09 k J/mol,反应最易进行。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.