无锡城北污水处理厂MBR系统运行效果分析与探讨

无锡市城北污水处理厂是太湖流域较早采用MBR工艺的大型污水处理工程。对污水处理厂MBR工艺实际运行数据进行分析,发现虽然进水污染物浓度有较大波动,但其出水水质稳定,各项指标可全年达标。介绍了运行过程中出现的超细格栅堵塞、离线清洗池药剂消耗、产水量波动严重等问题及相应的改造措施,并在此基础上对MBR工艺的设计提出建议。     

基于机理模型的永川污水处理厂运行诊断与碳源优化

对重庆永川污水处理厂为期1.5年的历史数据和补充实验数据进行采集与分析,确定了其进水水质特征、运行方式、生化反应状态,对其全年平均状态及历时波动状态均完成了以机理模型为核心的数字化模拟仿真,确定了该污水处理厂现有运行状态中存在的问题与风险。通过运行参数的调整,可有效规避二沉池过负荷、系统污泥分布不均等风险;以合理的污泥龄运行,利用污水处理厂的进水水质特征,在出水水质稳定达标的前提下,减少外加碳源与药剂的投加。在平均状态、极端条件、历时波动等情景下进行了碳源投加的定量评估,动态进水状态下定量评估结果显示:一期甲醇年平均投加量可减少为原投加量的80%,二期可减少为原投加量的60%。     

北方某再生水厂MBR工艺设计

MBR因其显著的优势成为市政污水深度处理领域最有效的技术之一,但高昂的运行成本限制了MBR的推广应用。以北方某再生水厂大型MBR污水处理工程为例,探究所采用的新型膜装置以及合理的工艺设计对膜污染及运行能耗的控制效果。实际运行数据分析得出以下结论:1）进水污染物浓度虽然有较大波动,但其出水水质稳定,各项指标优于排放标准（DB 11/890—2012《城镇污水处理厂水污染物排放标准》）中B标准的要求。2）MBR系统采用PVDF材质,TIPS工艺制造的膜产品,膜丝强度大,组器填充密度高达895 m2/m3。3）MBR工艺采用先进的预处理系统和高强度脉冲曝气系统有效缓解膜污染,节省曝气量约25%。     

MBR工艺污水处理效果随季节变化规律的研究

通过对太湖流域某城市污水处理厂的MBR系统2012—2013年的实际运行数据进行分析,研究了季节性变化对MBR工艺处理效果的影响。结果表明:季节变化影响城镇污水处理厂进水水质、水温等,但MBR工艺运行相对稳定,主要出水水质指标均达到GB18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A标准;季节变化对COD、NH3-N、TN和TP的处理效果均存在不同程度的影响,各项指标在夏季时的净化效果略好于冬季,说明低温对污水处理过程存在一定的影响。     

新型曝气系统用于MBR一体化设备试验

对MBR一体化中试设备中的MBR膜组件曝气系统和运行条件进行改进以及优化,并将其与常规MBR曝气系统及运行方式进行中试对比。试验结果表明:MBR中试设备采用新型MBR曝气系统及运行方式运行时,与常规MBR曝气系统及运行方式相比,其气水比可降低约20%,反洗周期至少可以延长1.2倍以上,但是对提高膜通量作用较小。采用新型MBR曝气系统及运行方式较常规MBR曝气系统的运行能耗可减少约14%左右。     

全耦合活性污泥模型(FCASM3)在A+A2/O工艺污水处理厂中的数值模拟应用

基于FCASM3建立了杭州市某污水厂A+A~2/O工艺模型.首先测定该污水处理厂的进水水质组分,以及不同阶段污染物浓度的变化和活性污泥中微生物动力学参数;然后,利用该厂2017年上半年的运行数据对模型进行校核.校核结果显示,该模型能够很好地模拟出系统中各物质的转化情况.最后,利用校核完成的工艺模型对该污水厂的主要工艺参数,包括溶解氧、污泥回流比和混合液回流比,进行多因素正交模拟试验.试验结果表明,该污水处理厂的最佳运行工况为:当A+A~2/O系统的好氧池氧传输速率(Oxygen Transfer Coefficient,KLa)、污泥回流比和混合液回流比分别控制在2 h-1、75%及250%时,好氧池TN出水浓度下降1.28 mg·L~(-1),脱氮效率提高了15.91%,同时该厂污水处理能耗降低.     

MBR城市污水处理厂生物脱氮升级改造研究

昆明第四污水处理厂采用膜生物反应器(MBR)处理工艺,为了减少该厂氮污染物排放量,降低污水处理能耗,该研究对污水处理现状及存在的问题进行了分析,提出优化好氧缺氧区域设置、进水分配与内回流量等,强化系统反硝化脱氮效果,进而提出了4套升级改造方案,并进行生产性试验研究。研究结果表明在保证硝化效果的条件下,采用多点进水优化进水分配,可获得较好的脱氮效果,出水总氮(TN)平均值为9.15 mg/L,TN和氨氮的去除率分别达到68.46%和97.98%。     

A/O MBR处理生活污水效率与菌群多样性的关系

采用缺氧/好氧膜生物反应器（A/O MBR）工艺处理生活污水,试运行了5种不同的工况以确定最佳工艺参数,利用变性凝胶梯度电泳（DGGE）技术研究缺氧池和好氧池（MBR）中细菌群落结构,分析出水水质与细菌种群多样性的关系.结果表明A/O MBR在水力停留时间（HRT）为12 h,污泥停留时间（SRT）为10 d,硝化液回流比为300%,污泥回流比为100%的条件下,对COD、氨氮、总氮有稳定良好的去除,平均去除率分别为96.4%、99.1%、75.8%;系统运行过程中,缺氧池和好氧池中菌群结构发生较大变化,同一工况下两池菌群的相似性通常大于50%,但缺氧池菌群多样性随工况变换而波动较大,好氧池菌群多样性随运行时间而逐渐丰富;缺氧池菌群多样性指数与反硝化效率成正相关关系.     

涡凹气浮在化工区污水处理厂中的应用

摘要：化工园区中炼油、皮革、植物油生产与精炼、电镀、印染等的固体悬浮物、油脂及各种胶状物均需有效去除,防止污染水体．气浮单元去除各种工业废水中油脂及各种胶状物效果较好,现其广泛应用于工业废水的处理工艺中。汉沽现代产业区污水处理厂进水中总油含量较高,严重影响后续MBR．单元的运行,因此在生化池前增加气浮单元已保证MBR．膜组正常运行。此文章介绍了污水处理厂在气浮单元上的选择,通过对油的去除率来选择混凝剂和助凝剂及相应的药品投加量。     

宁波万华污水MBR增效剂的实验

就宁波万华MBR进水段污水样进行了膜增效剂的实验,以达到提高MBR膜的膜通量。减少MBR膜的污堵机率同时增加MBR膜的连续运行时间、降低MBR膜清洗频率延长设备使用寿命的目的。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.