光电耦合器失效模式与机理分析

本文通过典型失效案例介绍,结合光耦器件结构及工艺制程的特点,分析了器件本身缺陷引起光耦失效的机理。另一方面,结合光耦应用电路的特点,对外部电应力引起光耦失效的原因也进行了详细阐述。     

自愈式交流电容器防止“放炮”的方法

自愈式交流电容器在使用出现放炮的质量问题。分析其原因是由于引出端喷金层的缺陷。研究其检测和改善喷金层缺陷的方法，从而推动改进喷金工艺和选用合适的喷金材料。为此提出采用脉冲老炼做为防止交流电容器放炮的方法。而且经过实践证明有明显的效果。建议在生产中对大电容值的电容器芯子应经过大电流脉冲老炼，然后优选装配为成品出厂，则将大大提高交流电容器使用的可靠性。     

GJQX-6MC型电磁继电器失效分析及机理研究

海洋环境中某设备使用近一年后,GJQX-6MC型电磁继电器出现触点短路。通过失效分析,指出该电磁继电器触点短路是由于存在封装工艺缺陷,焊料锡封密封性较差,导致电磁继电器在潮湿的空气、海水、电应力及机械应力作用下,使动簧片在使用过程中产生了应力腐蚀断裂,断裂后动簧片活动导致触点瞬间短路。同时,为了排除批次性问题,对此设备所用GJQX-6MC型电磁继电器抽取5只进行了DPA破坏性物理分析,对出现的故障原因进行了综合分析,提出了预防措施及建议。     

钽电解电容器失效模式与机理分析

钽电解电容器常见的失效模式为短路、开路、电参数超差。本文通过介绍典型失效案例,对以上三种失效模式进行了系统的总结,对造成钽电解电容器失效的原因与机理进行了详细的阐述,在此基础上,有针对性的提出了避免钽电解电容器装机使用后失效的有效措施。     

独石电容器失效模式与机理分析

本文通过典型失效案例,对独石电容器常见的失效模式,即短路、开路、电参数漂移及其它物理变化(如端电极脱落、瓷体炸裂)进行了系统的总结,对造成独石电容器失效的原因与机理进行了详细的阐述,在此基础上,有针对性的提出了避免独石电容器装机使用后失效的有效措施。     

焊点热疲劳失效原因分析

某PCBA样品在使用约半年后出现功能失效,该PCBA在封装后进行整体灌胶,将失效样品剥离,发现部分器件直接脱落,通过表面观察、切片分析、EBSD分析、应力分析、热膨胀系数测试等手段对样品进行分析,结果表明:各封装材料存在热失配,且焊点缺陷较多且存在应力集中区,加速焊点的疲劳失效进程,导致PCBA功能失效。     

利用放大镜观察试件位移振幅值变化的实例

正弦振动试验的目的是在试验室内模拟产品在使用、运输和贮存过程中可能经受到正弦振动时的效应。振动对产品引起变形、弯曲、产生裂纹、断裂,造成部件间的相互撞击等,包括由于振动产生的交变应力超过构件所能承受的弹性和塑性极限应力而造成的破坏,以及由于长时间振动的交变应力造成的累积损伤,使产品发生疲劳损坏。特别是在产品的固有频率与激励频率相同而引起共振导致响应幅值急剧增大时,会更加迅速、更多地发生。     

绝缘结构综合应力加速寿命试验方法研究

针对绝缘结构在实际使用过程中受到综合应力因素的影响的特点,提出了一种基于综合应力的绝缘结构可靠性评估方法,可以有效地指导绝缘结构加速寿命试验的设计和实施。首先通过对绝缘结构进行失效机理及应力分析,确定影响绝缘结构寿命的主要应力,选取适当的综合应力加速模型。其次,确定各加速应力水平,进行综合应力加速寿命试验方案的设计。最后,基于失效数据对绝缘结构进行可靠性评估。     

冲压模具定位销的断裂失效分析

冲压模具定位销的材料为0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb沉淀硬化马氏体不锈钢,在使用过程中,发生定位销断裂失效,导致模具损伤。通过化学成分、洛氏硬度、SEM-EDS分析、金相分析、拉伸测试、夏比冲击等试验,对其进行失效分析,结果显示:定位销显微组织中存在的铁素体条带组织以及螺纹孔处存在的腐蚀坑和应力腐蚀开裂是导致定位销断裂的主要原因。     

国外电子设备组件环境应力筛选技术研究

描述电子设备组件可能引入的缺陷和产生缺陷的因素；提出剔除这些缺陷的环境应力筛选方法及其应力参数选择；分析了激发的故障模式，失效机理和筛选效果。     

Three-dimensional numerical modeling and characterization of two-stage and multilayer thermoelectric couples

The two-stage thermoelectric couple (TE couple) and the multilayer TE couple are proposed and their output performance is compared with the conventional TE couple in this paper. Three dimensional (3-D) numerical and finite element models are established for these three types of TE couples which are analyzed in the ANSYS Workbench environment. Simulation results show that the output voltage and the current of the two newly designed TE couples increase in a certain extent than those of the conventional device before the load resistance reaches a critical value, however, the multilayer TE couple has the best performance. Similar conclusions can be drawn from the results of comparisons with the maximum output power and the maximum heat conversion efficiency between different types of TE couples. When thicknesses of the intermediate ceramic substrate and the intermediate copper conductor change, the output performance of the two newly-designed types of TE couples can be improved further. The maximum output power and the maximum heat conversion efficiency of the multilayer TE couple increase by 71.15% and 14.87%, respectively, when compared with those for the conventional device under certain conditions. Therefore, the multilayer TE couple has the potential to be one of the future development directions of TE couple structures.     

Evaluating cumulative effects on wetland functions: A conceptual overview and generic framework

This article outlines conceptual and methodological issues that must be confronted in developing a sound scientific basis for investigating cumulative effects on freshwater wetlands. We are particularly concerned with: (1) effects expressed at temporal and spatial scales beyond those of the individual disturbance, specific project, or single wetland, that is, effects occurring at the watershed or regional landscape level; and (2) the scientific (technical) component of the overall assessment process. Our aim is to lay the foundation for a research program to develop methods to quantify cumulative effects of wetland loss or degradation on the functioning of interacting systems of wetlands. Toward that goal we: (1) define the concept of cumulative effects in terms that permit scientific investigation of effects; (2) distinguish the scientific component of cumulative impact analysis from other aspects of the assessment process; (3) define critical scientific issues in assessing cumulative effects on wetlands; and (4) set up a hypothetical and generic structure for measuring cumulative effects on the functioning of wetlands as landscape systems.We provide a generic framework for evaluating cumulative effects on three basic wetland landscape functions: flood storage, water quality, and life support. Critical scientific issues include appropriate delineations of scales, identification of threshold responses, and the influence on different functions of wetland size, shape, and position in the landscape.The contribution of a particular wetland to landscape function within watersheds or regions will be determined by its intrinsic characteristics, e.g., size, morphometry, type, percent organic matter in the sediments, and hydrologic regime, and by extrinsic factors, i.e., the wetland's context in the landscape mosaic. Any cumulative effects evaluation must take into account the relationship between these intrinsic and extrinsic attributes and overall landscape function. We use the magnitude of exchanges among component wetlands in a watershed or larger landscape as the basis for defining the geographic boundaries of the assessment. The time scales of recovery for processes controlling particular wetland functions determine temporal boundaries. Landscape-level measures are proposed for each function.     

Quantification of intrinsic water use efficiency along a moisture gradient in Northeastern China

Water use efficiency (WUE) is an important ecophysiological characteristic of plants, especially in semiarid and arid regions. At the scale of community or ecosystem, WUE is difficult to quantify because the amount of water used per unit dry mass production is a function of microclimatic variables and species composition. In this study, we analyzed corrected intrinsic water use efficiency (IWUE(s)) of grass and shrub species along the western segment of the Northeast China Transect (NECT) and the relationship between IWUE(s) and mean annual rainfall, habitat degradation status, vegetation type, and plant functional type (C3 versus C4) at 22 survey sites. Site intrinsic water use efficiency (IWUE(v)) and its relationship with the aforementioned site variables were analyzed based on species frequencies at each site. First, it was concluded that photosynthetic pathway played a very important role in determining species IWUE(s). Mean IWUE(s) for C4 species was approximately double that of C3 species. Second, mean annual rainfall, vegetation type, and site degradation status significantly affected IWUE(s) (p < 0.01). Mean IWUE(s) at degraded sites was twice as high as that at nondegraded sites. The mean IWUE(s) for meadows was significantly higher than those for other vegetation types (p < 0.05). Third, the frequency of occurrence of C4 plants explained 36% of the variance in IWUE(v) across the survey sites. The mean frequency of C4 occurrence at degraded sites was more than double that at nondegraded sites. Consequently, mean IWUE(v) at degraded sites was more than double that at nondegraded sites. Dominant C4 species in saline-alkaline areas tended to have higher intrinsic WUE than dominant C4 species in sandy shrub communities.     

某电容器加速贮存寿命试验设计研究

加速贮存寿命试验设计是设计一个最优的试验指导方案.一个好的试验方案可以提高模型参数估计精度和寿命外推的准确性,可以缩短试验时间、提高试验效率.本文在探讨该电容器的失效机理分析的基础上,在从应力加载方式、应力类型、水平、参试样品、截尾方式、测试、判据等多方面开展试验方案的设计.     

Environmental restoration of invaded ecosystems: How much versus how often?

This paper derives the optimal level of restorative efforts required to restore environments degraded by invasive species invasion. Specific attention is focused on a case when restoration faces the risk of failure through relapse of the restored environment caused by repeat invasions. The level of restored environment may also play a role in its future improvement or susceptibility to failure. The tradeoff between the optimal level of environmental quality and number of restorative efforts required to attain that given environmental quality is highlighted.     

Critical Factors and Evaluation Criteria for Habitat Translocation

Habitat translocation is the process of moving soils or substrates with their vegetation and any animals that remain associated with them in order to rescue or salvage habitats that would be lost due to changes in land use, or to restore biodiversity to damaged, degraded or newly created sites. Critical factors are similarity in the environmental context of the donor and receptor sites, the translocation technique, and habitat management of the translocated habitat. These critical factors should be taken into account in such a way that the risk of unwanted changes to a habitat due to translocation is reduced to a level that takes account of its nature conservation value. Long-term habitat management and monitoring schemes need to be implemented fully to obtain the biodiversity benefits of translocation. Evaluation of the degree of success or failure against the original aims of the translocation project over a defined period of time requires objective criteria and repeatable measurements that can be confirmed independently of the project team. Codes of best practice covering guidelines and standards for habitat translocation are required which will benefit both business and industry and the planning and regulatory authorities.     

美国环保超级基金制度及其实施

对美国环保超级基金制度的概念和内容作了简要的介绍,并指出了其实施过程中的成功与不足,以期为我国环境法制的完善提供有益的借鉴。     

A Single-Use Site Selection Technique, Using GIS, for Aquaculture Planning: Choosing Locations for Mangrove Oyster Raft Culture in Margarita Island, Venezuela

Oyster culture has a potential to generate income for coastal communities and to lessen pressure on natural overexploited populations. A project to transfer mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae raft culture technology to selected coastal communities in Margarita Island, Venezuela is being developed, and an optimum location selection technique was devised. To pick the variables or factors that determine site suitability, a bibliographic database was made, aspects of interest chosen, and the most comprehensive ones singled out, eliminating redundant ones. Twenty variables were grouped in criteria based on the way they influence the project. Variables were classified as intrinsic environmental, environmental extrinsic, logistic, and socioeconomic criteria. Thirty-five experts were asked to evaluate the factors and to score each according to their suitability weight. Logistic criterion received the highest values, followed by environmental extrinsic issues. A Geographic Information System using a base map compiled from 1:25,000 scale maps was developed. A thematic map for each factor was completed, dividing graphically the 3896-km² study area into polygons of equal weight for each factor. The Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) was used to combine the variables. Resultant vectors in thematic maps were added to obtain smaller polygons with the same value sum. Finally, MCE was used to generate a final output: the optimum sites for oyster aquaculture resulting from the added values of over 3000 polygons in the maps, for the 20 criteria. Higher scores were reached in 13 areas covering 4.1 km², those places having the optimum conditions for oyster raft aquaculture in the region. Additional locations meeting 75% to 70% of the demanded criteria for a final suitable selection cover 137 sites encompassing 37.5 km².     

Exploratory behavior and the welfare of intensively kept animals

Exploratory behavior is considered under the following categories: (1) extrinsic exploration in which the animal seeks information about conventional reinforcers such as food, (2) intrinsic exploration which is directed toward stimuli which may have no biological significance, further divided into inspective and inquisitive exploration. In the former the animal inspects a particular object; in the latter, the animal performs behavior to make a change in its environment, rather than merely responding to a change. Extrinsic exploration is synonymous with the ethological term, appetitive behavior. It is shown that much of the behavior indicative of frustration reported in intensively housed animals occurs when the appetitive component of a drive rather than the consummatory component, is prevented. Consideration of inspective exploration is necessary for good husbandry practice, for fear is an important competing response. Inquisitive exploration has not been widely investigated in infraprimate species, but the authors present several possible examples in the species of common agricultural animals. However, they suggest that the propensity to show this type of exploration may vary between closely related species. In environments barren to the extent of stifling exploration, animals may develop apathy, and its relevance to animal welfare is discussed.