一种复合菌剂在生物除臭滤池中的试验研究

文章构建了复合型除臭菌剂——YDEM-1,考察YDEM-1对生物滤池除臭反应器的启动及NH_3、H_2S等恶臭物质的去除效果。结果发现:YDEM-1对生物除臭反应器初次启动和二次启动速度快;相比之下,YDEM-1对NH_3去除效率高于H_2S,如NH_3进气浓度为58.9、100.9、165.3、230.3 mg/m~3时,去除率达到100%所需空床停留时间分别为12.6、29.6、63.0、100.8 s,而H_2S进气浓度为15.7 mg/m~3条件下,实现98%以上的去除率,所需停留时间为29.6 s;该反应器适宜含水率范围在25%～50%。该复合型生物滤池反应器具有良好的应用前景。     

有机垃圾处理机排放臭气的生物脱臭研究

文章利用生物滴滤塔对有机垃圾处理机排放的恶臭气体进行了脱臭研究。考察了生物滴滤塔的启动情况:装置启动7d后,NH_3排放浓度达到城市恶臭气体排放标准,11d后,H_2S排放浓度达到标准;在此基础上,研究了气体表面负荷、喷淋密度和pH值对净化效率的影响,发现实验条件下的适宜参数是:气体表面负荷≤300m~3/m~2·h,喷淋密度为0.1～0.2m~3/m~2·h,pH值维持在6.0～7.0。研究结果对于有机垃圾生物处理排放恶臭气体的净化具有一定的应用价值。     

除臭微生物的筛选、鉴定及其应用效果

为了获得除臭微生物,从垃圾填埋场土样中筛选获得了5株具有高效H_2S和NH_3去除率的菌株。通过16S rDNA和26S rDNA D1/D2区序列分析,共鉴定得到1株巴氏醋杆菌(Acetobacter pasteurianus)X8,1株玉米乳杆菌(Lactobacillus zeae)X12,1株副干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus paracasei)R5,1株发酵乳杆菌(Lactobacillus fermentum)R8以及1株酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)J8。根据各单一菌株对NH_3和H_2S的去除率进行复配,X8+X12+J8+R5+R8组成的复配菌液除臭效果最佳,对NH_3和H_2S的去除率分别为92.68%和84.72%,显著高于其它各组(P≤0.05)。通过单因素试验确定该组合最佳除臭条件:除臭温度38℃,除臭时间24 h,初始pH3.5,稀释倍数80。将此复配制剂采用自动喷雾设备进行初步应用,按最佳条件对某垃圾中转站进行喷洒,能去除93.9%的硫化氢,94.4%氨气,且臭气浓度降低89.0%。     

生物法联合热力燃烧工艺处理鱼粉加工废气工程研究

生物法联合热力燃烧工艺处理鱼粉加工废气工程应用研究表明,在4个月的试运行过程中该脱臭系统表现出了良好的稳定性和高效性。由生物洗涤塔和生物滴滤塔组成的生物脱臭系统独立运行时,氨气去除率稳定在90%以上,硫化氢的去除率可达95%。废气进一步经锅炉热力燃烧处理后其臭气浓度指标大幅降低。当地环保监测部门的检测结果表明,鱼粉加工废气经生物法联合锅炉热力燃烧处理后完全可以实现达标排放。该废气处理组合工艺结合了生物脱臭技术设备简单、停留时间短、处理效率高的优点和锅炉热力燃烧除臭效果好的优点,具有良好的发展前景和工业化应用潜力。     

制药企业污水处理厂生物除臭试验研究

介绍了生物除臭方法的试验原理和工艺流程,应用生物滤床等装置对某制药厂的废水产生的臭气进行了处理,结果表明,生物过滤除臭工艺能去除99%的废水中的H2S,此工艺适合于制药废水处理过程中产生的H2S臭气的去除。     

邻硝基对氯苯胺项目环评恶臭污染防治分析

在分析活性炭吸附法和生物洗涤塔对邻硝基对氯苯胺生产过程中产生的恶臭污染物质处理效果的基础上,提出了冷凝回收后生物洗涤塔处理的优化处理工艺,并进行了处理效果的实验论证,确认经该工艺处理后的氯苯类有机废气能够达标排放。     

活性炭吸附与生物活性炭脱臭效果的比较研究

针对污水收集与处理系统中恶臭气体的组成与特性,比较分析不同情况下活性炭吸附与生物活性炭的脱臭效果。当干活性碳总处理气量达到1.3m~3/g时,出现穿透。将吸附饱和的活性炭填料塔转为生物滴滤反应器后,仍能较快的实现挂膜生长,达到满意的处理效果。直接运行的生物活性炭滴滤器对H_2S的处理效率在95％以上,并具有较强的恢复能力。H_2S平均出口浓度为0.052mg/m~3。循环液pH值与盐度在一定范围内对系统影响不大。     

进水有机负荷对三级生物滴滤池脱氮除磷的影响

试验采用三级(好氧/兼氧/好氧)多层组合填料生物滴滤池处理模拟生活污水,探索强化脱氮除磷工艺。考察了在相同水力负荷和布水周期下,改变进水有机负荷对COD、NH_4~+-N、TN和TP去除率的影响,并用扫描电镜和X射线衍射(XRD)对填料进行辅助分析。研究结果表明,三级串联生物滴滤池的组合相比传统的单级或两级生物滴滤池反应器处理效果更好。第1级和第2级生物滴滤池去除COD、NH_4~+-N和TN效果较好,贡献率合计分别为93.0%、91.2%和91.4%。第1级和第3级生物滴滤池除磷效果较好,贡献率合计91.4%。有机负荷为0.328~0.392 kg/(m~3·d)时,系统总体去除效果最好。     

辅料添加对厨余垃圾快速堆肥腐熟度和臭气排放的影响

为提高厨余垃圾快速堆肥腐熟度并减少处理过程中臭气(NH_3和H_2S)的排放,以玉米秸秆、稻壳、锯末和菌糠作为辅料,基于湿基质量的15%分别添加到厨余垃圾中进行堆肥试验,并以纯厨余垃圾堆肥作为对照,研究了不同辅料添加对厨余垃圾堆肥腐熟度及NH_3和H_2S排放的影响.结果表明:除纯厨余垃圾处理以外,其他处理都达到了腐熟堆肥的要求,其中添加菌糠的处理腐熟效果最好,发芽率指数(GI)相比对照大幅提高;添加辅料对NH_3和H_2S的减排效果明显,其中,菌糠添加对NH_3的减排效果最好,相比对照可减排53.6%,锯末对H_2S的减排效果最佳,相比对照可减排84.08%;厨余垃圾堆肥时添加辅料有利于氮素和硫素的固定,其中添加辅料菌糠的固氮效果最好,总氮损失仅占初始总氮的8.7%;添加玉米秸秆总硫损失最少,仅占初始总硫的2.05%.     

添加剂对厨余垃圾堆肥中H_2S和NH_3排放的影响

以大类粗分后的厨余垃圾为研究对象,玉米秸秆作为调理剂,以不添加菌剂的处理作为对照(CK),以添加腐熟堆肥、鼠李糖脂和固体专用菌剂为3个处理,研究菌剂添加对厨余垃圾堆肥过程中H_2S和NH_3排放的影响。研究结果表明:菌剂添加促进了堆肥腐熟;添加腐熟堆肥更能有效地降低厨余垃圾堆肥过程中H_2S排放,而鼠李糖脂的添加更能有效控制NH_3的排放。从恶臭气体控制、堆肥腐熟并结合H_2S和NH_3的检知嗅阈,优选腐熟堆肥作为厨余垃圾堆肥过程中实现H_2S和NH_3同时减排的添加剂。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.