模糊数学在香溪河库湾富营养化评价中的应用

三峡水库蓄水后,部分支流库湾水体富营养化严重。以香溪河库湾为例,采用模糊数学评价法,通过引入隶属度的概念,对该库湾2010年全年不同断面水质进行富营养化评价,同时与综合营养状态指数评价法比较。结果表明:2种方法结果存在一定差异,但均反映了2010年香溪河库湾处于中营养化至重度富营养化,春夏季富营养化情势较其他季节严重,库湾上游处于中度富营养化,4月上游甚至为重度富营养化,下游处于轻度富营养化;秋冬季库湾营养状态分布较均匀,为中营养和轻度富营养化。该结果与实地观测结果相符。由此可见,模糊数学评价法较好的反映水质级别的模糊性与连续性,以及各因子共同作用下的水质状况,可在三峡水库支流库湾富营养化评价中得到应用。     

旅游季节瘦西湖营养化程度评价与防治对策

为了了解旅游季节瘦西湖的水质及营养化状况,分别于2009年9月30日和2010年4月23日在瘦西湖选择7个采样点测定水温、DO、SD、TN、TP、CODMn及Chla,并采用卡尔森指数方法计算综合营养状态指数对瘦西湖的营养化进行评价。结果显示,各个采样点2次水样的综合营养状态指数分别为52.65～56.63和50.57～54.53,因此瘦西湖在"五一"和"十一"这两个旅游季节前处于轻度富营养化状态。     

山仔水库富营养化动态研究

以山仔水库库区水体为研究对象,通过测定水体透明度、叶绿素、总磷含量,应用卡尔森TSI营养指数法和层次分析法,并结合往年监测数据对山仔水库营养化程度进行分析,此外还运用Arc／Info的克里格插值法进行富营养化空间格局分析,最后提出防治对策。分析结果表明：近年来水库富营养化程度不断上升,随季节和降雨的变化出现较大的波动,在空间分布上也出现较大的变化。     

辽宁大伙房水库水生生物演变的探讨

1961～2000年对大伙房水库6个站进行了不同季节浮游植物、底栖动物群落特征的生态调查和水化学分析。共发现藻类8门，174种，底栖动物34种，分析了水库水生生物种类组成，数量变化和生物演替。水质生态学评价结果表明：大伙房水库属中富营养化，水体只受到轻度污染，水质等级为2级。     

深圳大亚湾海域无机氮的组成、分布特征及其富营养化状况再探

以2017年对深圳大亚湾海域4个航次的调查数据为基础,分析不同季节无机氮中亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮和氨氮的组成比例,讨论不同季节无机氮在大亚湾海域的分布情况。运用营养状态质量指数法(NQI)和潜在性富营养化评价法评价海域富营养化状况,并利用叶绿素a与环境指标的相关性分析研究海水富营养化的环境驱动因子。结果表明,海域内无机氮的主要组成部分为硝酸盐氮和氨氮,受丰水期带来陆源污染的影响呈现明显的季节性变化;海域整体富营养化水平为贫营养状况,且在春季和冬季海域内呈现氮限制状态;富营养化的主要环境驱动因子为化学需氧量和氨氮。     

辽宁大伙房水库水生生物特征及水质生态学评价

1961～ 2 0 0 0年对大伙房水库 6个站进行了不同季节浮游植物、底栖动物群落特征的生态调查和水化学分析。共发现藻类 8门 ,1 74种 ,底栖动物 3 4种 ,分析了水库水生生物种类组成 ,数量变化和生物演替。水质生态学评价结果表明 :大伙房水库属中富营养化 ,水体只受到轻度污染 ,水质等级为 2级。     

以浮游植物评价金堂水库富营养化

通过对浮游植物的生物量、优势种、初级生产力、叶绿素ａ等指的分析，判断金堂水库质已达富营养化水平；网箱养鱼是产生富营养化的主要原因；富营养化对水库功能的不利影响将是很骓消除的。     

水源水库富营养化趋势分析及预警模型构建

水库、湖泊水体富营养化逐年加剧,已成为水环境保护的突出问题。为掌握粤西沿海地区重要饮用水源水库富营养化趋势,保障饮用水安全,该研究以高州水库为研究对象,基于2012-2019年富营养化指标的长期监测结果,采用综合营养状态指数法,通过对水库各评价指标及综合营养状态的时空分析,建立基于W-F定律的水库富营养化预警模型,并对水库进行预警分级与评价,为水库的生态环境保护提供理论支撑与防控方法。结果表明:研究期内高州水库整体处于中营养状态,丰水期富营养化程度严重于枯水期;各单项营养状态指数中TLI(TN)呈轻度富营养状态,是水库富营养化的最大贡献者,其次为Chl a,磷营养盐及有机物对水库富营养程度影响较小。水库各监测断面的富营养状况波动相对稳定,良德大坝TLI(∑)整体低于石骨库区;而石骨库区的营养状态综合表现为库尾>供水口>库心。基于W-F定律构建了高州水库富营养化综合影响指数与营养状态指数间的预警模型,对2012-2019年不同季节下的富营养状态进行预警评价,结果显示枯水期的综合影响指数值小于丰水期,与季节变化结果相一致,说明模型预警效果较好。     

九龙甸水库水质评价及富营养化趋势分析

根据1998—2007年的水质监测资料,对九龙甸水库进行水质现状评价和富营养化现状及其变化趋势分析。结果表明,九龙甸水库水质良好,目前属中营养化。富营养化趋势不明显,但有水质恶化的趋势,各部门应加大对九龙甸水库的保护以及周边环境治理的力度,保证城乡居民饮用水安全。     

九龙甸水库水质评价及富营养化趋势分析

根据1998—2007年的水质监测资料,对九龙甸水库进行水质现状评价和富营养化现状及其变化趋势分析。结果表明,九龙甸水库水质良好,目前属中营养化。富营养化趋势不明显,但有水质恶化的趋势,各部门应加大对九龙甸水库的保护以及周边环境治理的力度,保证城乡居民饮用水安全。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.