袋式除尘器结构优化设计与虚拟装配关键技术

针对袋式除尘器大型化后在结构轻质化、模块化结构的可靠装配和焊接变形控制等方面面临的诸多问题,开展了系统的研究,发展了不同结构类型袋式除尘器快速参数化建模、整体和局部联合计算、梁柱连接节点的简化设计、整体计算中复杂花板结构简化、非线性多约束结构优化等复杂关键技术,开发了袋式除尘器结构计算和优化设计软件;提出了基于世界树的实体层次系统结构建模框架,开发了大型模块化袋式除尘器虚拟装配软件;分析了主要结构焊接变形、应力和应变分布及变化规律,提出了反变形法消除焊接变形的控制方法,并开展了实验验证。     

绝缘结构综合应力加速寿命试验方法研究

针对绝缘结构在实际使用过程中受到综合应力因素的影响的特点,提出了一种基于综合应力的绝缘结构可靠性评估方法,可以有效地指导绝缘结构加速寿命试验的设计和实施。首先通过对绝缘结构进行失效机理及应力分析,确定影响绝缘结构寿命的主要应力,选取适当的综合应力加速模型。其次,确定各加速应力水平,进行综合应力加速寿命试验方案的设计。最后,基于失效数据对绝缘结构进行可靠性评估。     

基于光学的金属/复材混合结构热变形试验研究

本文开展了金属/复材混合结构壁板热变形的测试方法研究，针对混合结构从常温20℃到-55℃的热变形行为，采用非接触式光学测试技术获取整个温度历程的热屈曲变形参数，揭示了飞机温度包线下混合结构壁板的热屈曲变形规律。结论：结构离面位移变化是结构屈曲失稳的表现，壁板结构在降温过程中虽然产生屈曲失稳现象，但是结构仍可恢复至正常状态，并未产生后屈曲现象，结构变形的变化斜率在-15℃之后发生了巨大的变化，基本呈现线性关系。     

大型原油储罐地基沉降安全性分析

地基沉降是大型储罐建造或生产过程中面临的重大风险之一,尤其是地基不均匀沉降会造成大型储罐罐壁椭圆化,严重时造成浮盘卡阻。文章根据某10万m~3原油罐的实测沉降数据,利用傅里叶级数方法对沉降数据进行谐波提取和曲线拟合,开展了实测地基沉降储罐的结构有限元分析。有限元模型考虑了储罐与地基相互作用及罐体与罐底沉降的耦合作用,研究讨论了罐壁危险区域每层壁板的应力和变形分布规律。研究结果为企业开展储罐地基沉降安全评估提供了一定技术指导。     

利用放大镜观察试件位移振幅值变化的实例

正弦振动试验的目的是在试验室内模拟产品在使用、运输和贮存过程中可能经受到正弦振动时的效应。振动对产品引起变形、弯曲、产生裂纹、断裂,造成部件间的相互撞击等,包括由于振动产生的交变应力超过构件所能承受的弹性和塑性极限应力而造成的破坏,以及由于长时间振动的交变应力造成的累积损伤,使产品发生疲劳损坏。特别是在产品的固有频率与激励频率相同而引起共振导致响应幅值急剧增大时,会更加迅速、更多地发生。     

注塑件磨砂表面一种发白现象的研究

本文对磨砂纹面注塑件表面一种对应模具活动组件发白的现象进行了分析,通过模流分析论证了注塑过程中活动组件受到熔胶压力作用发生压缩变形,活动组件对塑胶的反作用力引起塑胶件对应位置残余应力较大,引起发白。本文进一步从结构设计、模具、工艺、材料、后处理等方面提出了减少应力发白的措施。     

超声冲击去应力处理技术在牵引电机加工工艺中的应用

本文主要介绍了超声冲击去应力处理技术在牵引电机加工工艺中的作用,通过对比试验得出,牵引电机定子焊接表面采用超声冲击去应力处理后,牵引电机定子止口机加工后的直径及圆度得到了显著改善。     

大型高温箱结构设计探索

高温箱在使用过程中，往往会由于其使用温度过高，导致箱体结构变形，影响产品的正常使用，通过对高温箱箱体材料的正确选用，合理设计产品结构，能成功地解决产品在高温下由于箱体结构所用材料产生热变形而影响产品的正确使用，本文对这一问题作了较详细的探讨。     

焊接工艺不当导致元器件失效的原因分析

通过对典型案例的介绍,分析了焊接工艺不当对元器件失效产生的影响。通过对焊接工艺过程中各种影响因素的分析,以及对各种失效模式总结,阐述了焊接工艺不当（包括焊接前,元器件的预处理不当）,造成元器件失效的失效原因与机理,在此基础上,提出了有针对性的改进措施。     

立式储罐变形评估的三维激光扫描实验

针对常规储罐检测工作量大、效率低的问题,利用三维激光扫描仪对某储罐进行外部检测,获取高精度的储罐三维点云数据,通过建模形成一个拟合罐体,与理想罐体进行3D比较得到储罐变形的整体情况,该方法能够对储罐的变形评估做出准确判断,距离储罐底板0.3 m处有最大径向偏差51.63 mm,0.9 m处有最大倾斜度0.177°,基于三维激光扫描技术为储罐罐壁变形检测提供了一种可靠的新方法。     

Comprehensive Study Regarding Greenhouse Gas Emission from Iron Ore Based Production at the Integrated Steel Plant SSAB Tunnplåt AB

During the years 2001–2002, a comprehensive study regarding CO₂ emissions related to the steel production for the integrated steel making production route, was carried out. The study was financed by SSAB and carried out by a research group with members from SSAB, MEFOS and LTU. The aim was to study the emissions from the existing system and how these could be influenced by process changes and by process modifications. The calculations were made using a global spreadsheet model for calculating the CO₂ emissions, developed from an existing Energy and Process Integration model of the same system. The calculated cases included the existing BF/BOF route as well as integration of other processes, e.g., an electric arc furnace, DR processes, COREX and a new future smelting reduction process concept (Sidcomet). All new existing alternative ore based process technologies would increase the specific CO₂ emission from the system. A technology transfer to scrap based metallurgy would significantly decrease the emission level, but is not feasible for SSAB, due to the future product mix and the structure of scrap availability. In a 5–20 year perspective, the existing steel making process route with the use of magnetite ore for pellet production has the lowest specific CO₂ emission. In a long-term perspective, 20–50 years, alternative process routes, e.g., based on H₂ and DRI, could be of interest. Studies on such changes are, however, big projects and should be carried out as joint European and/or international efforts.     

Effects of tectonic stress environment on tectonophysical features of deformed coal

To study the effects of the tectonic stress environment on the tectonophysical features of deformed coal, No.8 Mine in the Pingdingshan mine area is used as a study area and the relationship between the development of deformed coal, distribution of fractures, formation of deformed coal and tectonic stress environment are analyzed. The results indicate that the thickness of the bedrock layer should be included in the analysis of the tectonic stress environment for a region of intense tectonic activity. Although the reverse faulting stress regime can control the development of deformed coal, the C seam is extremely sensitive to the stress regime. The most advantageous direction of the deformed coal fractures is consistent with the regional maximum principal stress, and the development of fractures is closely related to the evolution of the tectonic stress environment. The fracture density of the E seam presents a uniform distribution, yet that of the C seam is completely heterogeneous. Superposition and compounding of the tectonic communities evidently increase the fracture density of the deformed coal. There is a relatively apparent boundary between the different types of deformation, which gradually transform from brittle to ductile with a decreasing lateral pressure coefficient. A generalized deformation pattern of the deformed coal is proposed and can be divided into frictional sliding and solid flow.     

Material savings through structural steel reuse: A case study in Genoa

One of the most challenging issues in the field of sustainable design is that of limiting the environmental impact of structural systems, as they contribute significantly to raw material consumption, global carbon emissions and solid waste production. This paper addresses the approach of the reuse of steel structure without melting which allows for savings in steel mass and the reduction of waste amounts offering moreover an opportunity to avoid environmental burdens related to the recycling process. Recent studies have stressed the technical feasibility of this strategy, which appears particularly effective in those countries in which a building's life is rather short, such as in Japan and US, though its application encounters more difficulties in most European countries, owing to longer building use. Besides stressing the architectural and structural feasibility of the above-mentioned strategy, this research work aims to quantify the mass savings that are achievable in this manner by presenting a real case study set in Italy. It consists in a railway station, which has been designed keeping in mind the partial employment of structural elements recovered from an old industrial building that is no longer in use. To estimate the amount of steel saved, two different structural models for the designed building have been carried out and compared. In the first one, the structure has been designed on the assumption of the reusing of recovered structural elements; in the second one, the same structure has been designed considering the use of new elements only. The final result of the analysis shows that steel reuse allowed for savings of up to 30% of steel.     

Decommissioning of offshore oil and gas facilities: a comparative assessment of different scenarios

A material and energy flow analysis, with corresponding financial flows, was carried out for different decommissioning scenarios for the different elements of an offshore oil and gas structure. A comparative assessment was made of the non-financial (especially environmental) outcomes of the different scenarios, with the reference scenario being to leave all structures in situ, while other scenarios envisaged leaving them on the seabed or removing them to shore for recycling and disposal. The costs of each scenario, when compared with the reference scenario, give an implicit valuation of the non-financial outcomes (e.g. environmental improvements), should that scenario be adopted by society. The paper concludes that it is not clear that the removal of the topsides and jackets of large steel structures to shore, as currently required by regulations, is environmentally justified; that concrete structures should certainly be left in place; and that leaving footings, cuttings and pipelines in place, with subsequent monitoring, would also be justified unless very large values were placed by society on a clear seabed and trawling access.     

Tracking effective measures for closed-loop recycling of automobile steel in China

Closed-loop recycling of steel in automobiles is particularly difficult because of the low tolerance for impurities and the use of composites of various types of steel products. Technologies that reduce impurities or increase impurity tolerance must be developed and introduced to the steel recycling system at the appropriate time. This study evaluated the feasibility of closed-loop recycling in the automobile industry in China. Material pinch analysis combined with dynamic modeling of the life cycle of steel sheets used in the manufacture of automobiles was employed to estimate the amount of steel sheet scrap available for closed-loop recycling and the amount of copper contamination in the scrap. The results indicate that by 2050, more than half of the old steel sheet scrap generated annually will have to be down-cycled because of its high copper contamination. However, scenario analyses of three types of technologies for mitigating the problem of copper contamination showed the potential for increasing the amount of old scrap used in closed-loop recycling. In particular, improving copper tolerance in the steel production process could be effective both now and in 2050.     

基于子模型的电子封装焊点寿命预测方法研究

在向无铅化过渡的过程中,封装材料与工艺改变所带来的最突出的问题之一就是无铅焊点的可靠性问题。由于焊点区非协调变形导致的热疲劳失效是电子封装焊点的主要失效形式。到目前为止,仍无公认的焊点寿命和可靠性的评价方法。本文采用统一型粘塑性本构模型描述SnAgCu焊点的变形行为,在对焊点可靠性分析的基础上采用基于能量的寿命模型进行焊点寿命预测;在有限元方面采用子模型的处理技术,并采用节点平均化以及体积平均化方法计算寿命模型相关参数。力图从理论方面和有限元处理技术方面改进以达到提高焊点寿命预测效率及预测精度的目的。     

Chinese resource security policies and the restructuring of the Asia-Pacific iron ore market

This paper reviews the restructuring of the Asia-Pacific iron ore market in the wake of the rise of the Chinese steel industry. Prior to the 2000s, this market was characterised by two key features—high firm-level concentration on both the producer and consumer sides, and price determination through annually negotiated benchmark pricing between Australian mining and Japanese steel firms. However, owing to rapid growth in the Chinese steel industry and its emergence as the region's principal iron ore consumer, the Asia-Pacific iron ore market has been dramatically restructured during the last decade. This process has been accelerated since 2005 by Chinese governmental resource security policies, which have sought to address current record high iron ore prices through the use of foreign investment to sponsor new market entrants and the formation of an import cartel amongst the Chinese steel firms. This paper evaluates how these policies have driven restructuring in the Asia-Pacific iron ore market, through an analysis of the growth of China's steel industry, Chinese resource security policies aimed at lowering iron ore import costs, and their effects upon the regional market's ownership structure and price determination mechanisms. It argues that while Chinese investment and cartelisation policies have catalysed significant changes to the ownership and pricing structures of the Asia-Pacific iron ore market, they have carried only mixed benefits for the Chinese steel industry's resource security.     

Potential CO2 emission reduction for BF–BOF steelmaking based on optimised use of ferrous burden materials

Currently, the blast furnace (BF) to basic oxygen furnace (BOF) is the dominant steel production route in the steel industry. The direct CO₂ emission in this process system exceeds 1 t of CO₂/t of crude steel produced. Different ferrous burden materials, for instance iron ore and scrap, can be used in various proportions in this steelmaking route. This paper analyses how energy use, conversion costs, and CO₂ emissions can be influenced by the use of different ferrous burden materials when producing crude steel. An optimisation mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model has been applied for analysis. By the use of the optimisation model, it is possible to highlight some issues of special importance, such as best practices to increase production at low conversion cost, or best practices to increase production at low CO₂ emission. It is found out that more benefits will be gained when using the system-oriented analysis to the steelmaking process. Furthermore, a comprehensive view of the trade-offs between the objectives of Cost and CO₂ can provide useful information for decision makers to generate strategies under the future emission trading.