固液界面吸附机制与模型——“环境水质学前沿专栏”序言

固液界面吸附是环境水化学及水处理技术研究中的一项重要内容.本文阐述了目前固液界面吸附研究方面取得的主要进展,对吸附剂表面性质、吸附络合物形态、表面反应描述中使用的一些重要实验技术、理论计算方法和模型模拟手段进行了系统的介绍,并展望了固液界面吸附研究的发展趋势.表面表征技术、理论计算及表面络合模型的发展、应用和结合有力地促进了人们对各种固液界面体系吸附机制的深入理解,对于阐明污染物在水环境中迁移转化规律,及开发新型吸附剂有着重要的科学意义.     

新型纳滤膜在水处理与水回用中的研究进展

近年来,纳滤膜（NF）以其较高水渗透性能、良好水/盐选择性和相较于反渗透膜（RO）低工作压力等优势被广泛应用于水处理和水回用中。然而传统的商品NF的分离性能具有局限性,例如对人体有益的矿物质去除率过高、对污染物去除率偏低,而且渗透性能-选择性能的制衡等问题严重制约了NF的发展及潜在的应用。详细介绍了NF膜在水处理和水回用中的应用及NF结构优化和改性的最新进展;回顾了通过对NF膜除盐层的孔隙率、亲水性、表面官能团及表面带电性等改性方式来提高NF的渗透性、选择性、抗污染、抗菌和耐氯能力等取得的研究成果;最后展望了新型NF膜在水处理和水回用领域的发展。     

水体除氟方法的最新研究进展

氟是人体必需的微量元素之一,中国是典型的大面积高氟地区,因此对水体中氟离子的去除研究十分必要.目前,水体除氟方法主要有离子交换法、吸附法、化学沉淀法等,其中吸附法是应用最广的除氟方法.本文主要综述了当前水体中常用的除氟方法及水体除氟方法最新的研究进展,重点分析各种方法所存在的各种优势和缺陷,并探究在实际除氟应用中的可行性,指出了今后水体除氟的主要研究方向.     

硼掺杂介孔炭吸附四环素的效能与机制

以椰壳和硼酸为原料,通过简单的一步热解法制备出新型硼掺杂椰壳介孔炭材料（B-CSC）用于水中四环素类污染物的高效吸附去除.系统研究了关键制备条件热解温度和硼碳质量比对其吸附性能的影响,使用比表面积及孔径分析仪（BET）、场发射扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线光子能谱仪（XPS）、拉曼光谱仪（Raman）以及Zeta电位仪（Zeta）对其微观结构及物化性质进行了表征分析.系统考察了初始pH值、不同金属阳离子以及不同背景水质条件对其吸附效果的影响.结合材料表征与相关分析等对其强化吸附机制进行了深入讨论与分析.结果表明,一步热解能够将硼掺入椰壳炭的表面及晶格,导致其拥有更大的比表面积和孔体积,引入硼的形态主要是H₃BO₃、B₂O₃、B和B₄C.B-CSC对四环素的吸附量达到297.65 mg·g^-1,是原始椰壳介孔炭（CSC）的8.9倍.同时,B-CSC对于水环境中常见污染物罗丹明B（RhB）、双酚A（BPA）和亚甲基蓝（MB）的吸附量分别高达372.65、255.24和147.82 mg·g^-1.B-CSC对四环素的吸附过程是物理化学作用共同主导的,主要涉及液膜扩散、表面吸附、介孔与微孔内扩散和活性位点吸附,H₃BO₃是其主要吸附位点.吸附强化机制主要是硼掺杂降低了其碳网络的化学惰性,增强了其与四环素分子的π—π相互作用和氢键作用.     

吸附法除氟技术的原理与方法

在水处理中应用的除氟的方法主要有：沉淀法、吸附法、电凝聚法、电渗析法、反渗透法和离子交换法等,其中吸附法是处理高含氟水的重要方法。本文重点介绍了几种常用的及新型的氟吸附剂的特点及应用概况,其中包括：铝盐吸附剂、铁盐吸附剂、稀土类吸附剂、生物类吸附剂以及其他类型的吸附剂;介绍了几种常用的及新型的氟吸附剂的除氟作用机理,并对今后的除氟研究进行了展望。     

功能高分子材料在处理含硼水中的应用

本文综合评述了阴离子交换树脂、多羟基树脂,缩聚多羟基树脂和蛇笼树脂在去除水中硼的应用,包括硼矿冶废水、核工业含硼废水、浸刻液含硼废水的治理、淡化海水中硼的脱除。评述了除硼的各种工艺条件。     

去除水体中砷的研究进展与展望

近年来,水体砷污染已成为一个全球性的环境问题,采取有效方法去除水体中的砷已受广泛关注。文章总结了水中砷主要去除方法:沉淀法、吸附法、生物法和膜分离法的原理、特点和应用现状,分析表明,沉淀法和吸附法已广泛应用于含砷水体的处理,其中开发高效的氧化剂和混凝剂是沉淀法的主要研究方向,寻求新型实用的吸附剂是吸附法的研究热点;生物法除砷是近年来的研究热点,加快微生物除砷的理论和应用研究是该方法的主要研究方向;膜分离法适用于对水质要求很高以及小规模的饮用水处理,研究较好的预氧化处理方法是该工艺的重点。将多种方法联合使用以达到最佳除砷效果,是目前水体除砷的发展趋势。     

水处理中的液膜分离法

<正> 水处理中膜分离法通常是指采用特殊固膜的渗析、电渗析、超过滤、反渗透四项技术,其共同优点在常温下可分离,不耗热能,不发生相变化,设备简单易操作。目前超过滤和反渗透技术应用尤为广泛。缺点是固膜需承受较大压力,膜孔隙结构要有较高强度,从而使水中离子和分子透过膜的速度减小,选择性降低。然而属于膜分离技术的液膜法比起固膜在水处理中具有更多的优点:液膜无需固膜的孔隙结构,更易成膜且具有巨大的表面积,传质速度很快;液膜由于选用不同的表面活性剂或其它的添加剂、     

环境地学

X144 9901425北京郊区几种典型土壤对硼的吸附性能/孙建华…(中科院生态环境研究中心)//环境科学/中科院生态环境研究中心一1995,19(s)一66~65,74。环信X一5 采用室内模拟法,研究了石灰性土壤中硼的吸附及其与土壤各理化性质的关系。对北京郊区不同海拔高度5种土壤吸附硼的几种影响因素研究结果表明,各种土壤对硼的吸附均符合Fre-undlich等温吸附方程,其吸附量随土壤 pH值的增加而升高,pH在10.0时达最高值,同时与土壤的有机质含量、CaCO3含量以及<0.ooZmm的粘粒含量等土壤的基本性质呈正相关,其中褐土性土和水稻土对硼的吸附量较低。图2…     

吸附法降解苯胺废水研究——以新生态二氧化锰吸附为例

本文通过对吸附法降解苯胺废水进行实验研究,旨在为水处理提供一种经济简便的除污染方法和降解的参数。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.