试论重金属污染场地土壤修复技术

土壤重金属污染有着隐蔽、长期和不可逆等特点,重金属污染土壤修复技术包含的填埋法、稀释技术、土壤淋洗、植物修复等技术,实践过程中可以选择土壤修复组合技术,如动力修复联合植物修复、氧化还原联合固化稳定化等,确保达到理想的污染土壤修复效果。     

土壤重金属铬污染修复技术的研究进展

土壤重金属铬污染问题日趋严峻,开展土壤重金属铬污染修复技术研究是目前农业生态与地下水环境面临的重要问题。从土壤中重金属铬污染的来源以及铬在土壤中的存在形态与转化入手,分析土壤重金属铬污染的危害,综述了已有的土壤重金属铬污染修复技术,并在详细阐述和分析铬污染土壤的化学还原稳定化修复技术、微生物修复技术、电动修复技术等方法原理的基础上,对比分析了各种修复技术的优缺点。提出了联合修复技术,与以往单一的修复技术相比,联合两种或两种以上的技术对土壤重金属铬污染进行修复处理,其修复效果更好,不仅可缩短修复周期、减少修复成本,还能降低二次污染的风险,具有非常好的应用前景,是未来土壤重金属铬污染修复技术研究的发展方向。     

重金属污染土壤螯合诱导植物修复研究进展

土壤重金属污染来源广泛、危害严重,已经成为环境污染治理中的热点、难点问题。重金属污染土壤螯合诱导植物修复技术是在化学修复、植物修复的基础上发展起来的,具有绿色环保、经济高效等优点,在重金属污染土壤修复领域具有很大的发展空间。本文在综合螯合诱导植物修复技术发展概况的基础上,系统介绍了螯合剂种类、螯合剂施入时间、施入方式、浓度与剂量、不同富集植物以及土壤理化性质等对重金属污染土壤修复效果的影响及国内外研究概况,综述了螯合诱导植物修复技术的作用机理及其环境风险研究进展。最后,提出了重金属污染土壤螯合诱导植物修复技术还有待深入研究的有关问题。     

浅析中轻度镉污染土壤的修复治理技术

阐述了国内外对中轻度镉污染土壤的修复治理技术,包括钝化技术、活化技术等的研究进展,展望了我国在中、轻度重金属污染状况下,通过各项措施的的综合应用实现良好的土壤修复治理的前景。     

重金属污染农田植物修复及强化措施研究进展

农田土壤重金属污染日益恶化,严重危害居民生活和作物、畜牧安全,影响经济发展,对重金属污染农田的治理成为我国目前亟待解决的环境问题之一。与传统的理化方法相比,植物修复技术因其环保、经济、安全、环境扰动小等特点而备受关注。介绍了农田土壤重金属污染的来源及危害,简述了土壤重金属污染植物修复技术的概念和分类,并针对各种植物修复技术的修复原理、适用情况和研究实例进行详细阐述。综述了当前国内外可用于提高植物修复效率的方法措施,指出了当前植物修复技术存在的修复周期及修复效果的局限性。最后,在现有研究分析的基础上,对今后土壤重金属植物修复技术的发展方向提出了几点展望,以期为今后农田土壤重金属污染植物修复工作提供科学依据。     

重金属污染土壤的植物修复及其机理研究进展

土壤污染是急需解决的环境问题,植物修复技术利用超积累植物吸收土壤中的重金属,达到清除土壤重金属污染。介绍了植物修复技术方法和植物修复的作用机理及研究进展,植物修复技术方法主要包括植物萃取技术、植物转化技术、植物挥发技术和植物稳定技术;植物修复的作用机理主要包括植物吸收重金属的生理学、分子生物学机理,重金属在植物体内亚细胞分布和化学形态,植物对根际土壤重金属的活化以及植物体内的金属有机配位体的研究进展。     

基于过硫酸盐的高级氧化工艺修复有机污染土壤的研究进展

基于硫酸根自由基的高级氧化工艺(sulfate radicals based-advanced oxidation processes, SR-AOPs)因其高效、经济且环境友好等特点,在有机污染土壤的修复领域受到越来越多的关注. SR-AOPs的原理是通过活化过硫酸盐(S₂O₈^2-,PS)产生以硫酸根自由基(SO₄·^-)为主的活性氧自由基将有机污染物氧化成CO₂、H₂O和无害或危害较小的化学物质.本文概述了影响SR-AOPs修复污染土壤的因素,重点总结了SR-AOPs在总石油烃(TPHs)、多环芳烃(PAHs)、多氯联苯(PCBs)、农药等污染土壤修复中的应用,分析了污染物特征、过硫酸盐和活化剂用量、土壤与溶液比等对污染物去除效率的影响,并讨论了SR-AOPs处理对土壤生态的影响.结果表明：活化方式、pH、土壤含水量、土壤有机质等因素会影响SR-AOPs对污染土壤的修复效果.热活化、微波活化、超声波活化、碱活化、基于铁基催化剂活化等...     

土壤重金属污染的植物修复技术

土壤重金属污染的植物修复技术是土壤重金属污染治理的重要方法.分析了土壤重金属污染植物修复的必要性、土壤重金属污染的植物修复技术(植物萃取技术、根际过滤技术、植物固化技术、植物挥发技术)、重金属超累积植物的筛选与植物修复技术的应用,以及云南省开展土壤重金属污染的植物修复工作的前景.     

金属矿山土壤重金属污染生物修复研究进展

金属矿区及周边土壤重金属污染已成为严重的环境问题之一。重金属污染使土壤质量下降,生态系统退化,同时污染农作物,威胁到人类的健康。目前,修复重金属污染土壤的方法很多,包括物理、化学、生物等方法。其中生物修复法近年来得到了特别的重视,并取得了显著进展。文章全面介绍了目前各种生物修复技术:植物修复、微生物修复以及微生物-植物联合修复,包括修复原理、进展、优缺点等。矿山固体废物和酸性废水导致矿区土壤中富集大量重金属,结合目前生物修复技术及其应用,对金属矿山重金属污染土壤的整体修复提出设想,并进一步指出发展方向:将基因工程引入植物的重金属修复;构建菌根-植物-微生物修复体系,促进土壤重金属污染的生物修复。     

重金属锑污染土壤固化-稳定化修复技术研究及应用

固化-稳定化技术具有快速、经济、有效等优点,在重金属污染土壤修复中得到了广泛应用,然而对重金属修复药剂选型及现场实际应用研究仍存在不足。本文首先利用小试实验探究了不同修复药剂对重金属锑的修复效果,筛选出适用药剂及配比,并通过上海某重金属锑污染修复工程的具体实施,总结出一套重金属污染土壤固化-稳定化施工工艺流程,为重金属锑固化-稳定化修复技术的发展及应用提供理论指导和经验借鉴。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.