南海湿热海上风电机组环境条件研究

海上风电机组在南海亚热带湿热海域会面对高温、高湿、高盐雾的严酷环境，对风电机组运行造成不利影响。本文针对南海海上风电机组进行1年环境条件监测，分析温湿度、盐雾等环境因素的变化规律，评价电气设备所处环境腐蚀性，对结构件涂层进行性能测试与可靠性评价，对风电机组运行、维护、防腐提供数据支撑。     

大丰市海上风电SWOT分析与策略研究

近年来风电产业已成为江苏省大丰市经济的增长点之一。采用SWOT分析法,从大丰市海上风电发展的优势、劣势、机遇、威胁4个方面对大丰市风电产业现状进行分析,并在综合比较分析的基础上,提出发展大丰市海上风电的相关对策建议。     

湿热沿海海上风电机组环境适应性测试评价分析

海上风资源丰富,同时存在高温、高湿、盐雾、台风等恶劣环境因素。本文对福建沿海地区某海上风电机组进行为期一年的环境适应性测试,分别从温湿度监测、海盐粒子浓度监测、大气腐蚀等级测试、电器设备腐蚀环境监测及结构件防腐措施现场测试这几个方面进行评价分析,为服役于湿热沿海的风电机组在设计、制造、运行和维护方面提供一定的参考。     

海上风电涂料防腐蚀性能的研究

为了综合考察海上风电涂料的防腐蚀性能,根据海上环境设计了耐中性盐雾实验、耐湿性实验和耐霉菌实验,通过对比不同涂层体系的优劣,从而获得相关环境可靠性分析案例以及影响海上风电涂料的防腐蚀性能的因素。     

海上风电机组服役环境条件监测方案研究

海上风电机组面临着高盐雾、高湿度的恶劣海洋环境,影响着风机的长期稳定运行,海洋环境条件评估对于风机的影响分析是极其重要的。本文主要研究了海上风电机组服役环境条件监测方案,包括温湿度监测、海盐粒子浓度监测、大气腐蚀等级测试及电器设备腐蚀环境监测,为我国海上风电的环境条件的在线监测和评估提供了参考和依据。     

风力发电设备在我国不同气候条件下环境适应性分析

风力发电设备的环境适应性问题已经引起风电企业的重视,本文介绍了温度、湿度、盐雾、低气压、台风、雷电等环境因素对风力发电设备性能的影响,总结了我国不同地区和不同季节应该关注不同的环境因素,提出了风力发电设备在不同环境因素作用下的防护措施。     

福建海上风电机组环境条件及腐蚀失效分析

福建海上风电机组在高温、高湿、高盐雾作用下会容易发生腐蚀,影响风电机组正常运行,需要定期监测机组部件服役环境,采取有效措施排除隐患。本文对海上风力发电机组内部腐蚀等级及速率、盐雾进行现场实时监测,检查塔筒涂层、结构件、电气设备腐蚀老化情况。根据环境监测检查结果和分析腐蚀老化原因,形成完整监测、检查方案,有助于保障风电机组长期正常运行。     

试论海上石油平台电气设备环境条件和规范

从初步调研、实测和资料分析,对海上石油平台的各类环境因素及平台规范的要求进行了讨论。     

动车组变流器水冷系统复合环境试验

为了确定动车组变流器水冷系统水泵进水口、出水口压力与大气压力、温度的定量关系,制定了一套动车组变流器水冷系统温度、气压复合环境试验方案并开展了试验,获得了动车组变流器在不同环境条件下的特性数据。     

一种高防护等级矿用电动轮变流器的柜门密封形式

矿用电动轮变流器一般直接安装在车辆走台上，属于露天环境，需要承受雨雪风沙的侵蚀，因此矿用电动轮变流器的防护性能的好坏直接关系到矿用电动轮变流器的使用寿命以及内部电气部件的使用安全。为了适应恶劣的应用环境，本文从密封结构、密封材料、密封形式三个方面进行了研究，分析了传统密封结构存在的问题，通过材料试验求证出压缩量与回弹力的关系，提出了一种高防护等级变流器的柜门密封形式，并在产品中进行工程化应用，并最终通过试验验证了密封形式的有效性。该方法结构简单、效果较优，IP65高防护等级适合在矿用电动轮变流器中推广应用。     

Offshore wind power potential of the Black Sea region in Turkey

Majority of the studies on offshore wind power potential assessment is limited to the examination of the wind speed only. This study examines the offshore wind power potential of the Black Sea coastal region in Turkey based on location selection criteria including territorial waters, military areas, civil aviation, shipping routes, pipelines and underground cables, social, and environmental concerns. Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program (WAsP) is used to do the statistical analysis of wind speed and wind direction data for 20 locations in the Black Sea coastal region. WAsP results are then elaborated based on the location selection criteria for better assessment of offshore wind power utilization. The study reveals that there are limited numbers of locations for offshore wind power generation in the Black Sea region in spite of its long coastline. Moreover, there is a high need for a zoning change for Amasra shores in order to utilize high offshore wind power potential of Amasra. Our finding suggests that location selection criteria other than wind speed should definitely be considered for better assessment of the wind power potential of a region.     

浅谈风力发电项目生态恢复环境监理

低山丘陵区风力发电场项目建设对生态的破坏日益明显,开展风电场施工期环境监理具有重要意义。通过对低山丘陵区风电项目施工期环境监理经验的总结,阐述了铁岭市风电场生态恢复的现状及开展生态恢复环境监理的重要作用,并对施工期的合理安排、原生植被的保护与利用、监理关键技术及环境监理人员的素质要求等相关生态恢复环境监理问题进行了探讨。     

Avian sensitivity to mortality: Prioritising migratory bird species for assessment at proposed wind farms

Wind power generation is likely to constitute one of the most extensive human physical exploitation activities of European marine areas in the near future. The many millions of migrating birds that pass these man-made obstacles are protected by international obligations and the subject of public concerns. Yet some bird species are more sensitive to bird–wind turbine mortality than others. This study developed a simple and logical framework for ranking bird species with regard to their relative sensitivity to bird–wind turbine-collisions, and applied it to a data set comprising 38 avian migrant species at the Nysted offshore wind farm in Denmark. Two indicators were selected to characterize the sensitivity of each individual species: 1) relative abundance and 2) demographic sensitivity (elasticity of population growth rate to changes in adult survival). In the case-study from the Nysted offshore wind farm, birds of prey and waterbirds dominated the group of high priority species and only passerines showed a low risk of being impacted by the wind farm. Even where passerines might be present in very high numbers, they often represent insignificant segments of huge reference populations that, from a demographic point of view, are relatively insensitive to wind farm-related adult mortality. It will always be important to focus attention and direct the resources towards the most sensitive species to ensure cost-effective environmental assessments in the future, and in general, this novel index seems capable of identifying the species that are at high risk of being adversely affected by wind farms.     

Contrasting the core beliefs regarding the effective implementation of wind power. An international study of stakeholder perspectives

This paper analyses patterns in beliefs about the implementation of wind power as part of a geographical comparison of onshore wind power developments in the Netherlands, North-Rhine Westphalia and England. Q methodology is applied, in order to systematically compare the patterns in stakeholder views on the institutional conditions and changes in the domains of energy policy, spatial planning and environmental policy. Three factors represent support for wind power implementation from fundamentally different perspectives. The fourth perspective is critical opposed to wind power developments as well as critical to the manner in which wind projects are proposed, planned and implemented. These four perspectives exist across the geographical cases; however, some perspectives are prominent in one case and marginal in another. This relates to different legacies and varying implementation achievements in the three cases. The analysis shows that an approach that focuses on implementing as much wind power as possible, relying on technocratic reasoning and hierarchical policies is in practice the least successful, whereas collaborative perspectives with more emphasis on local issues and less on the interests of the conventional energy sector were particularly dominant in the most successful case, North-Rhine Westphalia.     

Economic and employment impacts of offshore wind for Ireland: A value chain analysis

ABSTRACT

The imminent development of a number of offshore wind farms in the Republic of Ireland presents a sizable opportunity to stimulate the Irish economy through the growth of an indigenous and globally competitive offshore wind supply chain. This study uses a value chain analysis to evaluate the economic and employment potential of the offshore wind sector for Ireland. The analysis is based on the expenditure on products and services required to develop an offshore wind farm, the planned capacity of projects in the pipeline, and the ability of Irish companies to supply the sector. Results suggest that by 2030, 2.5–4.5GW of domestic offshore wind development could create between 11,424 and 20,563 supply chain jobs and generate between €763 m and €1.4bn in gross value added. This is the first study to estimate domestic GVA potential for the sector.     

Environmental Pollution Challenges and Associated Planning and Management Issues Facing Offshore Oil and Gas Field Development in the UK

Reducing the environmental impact of offshore operations is one of the most pressing challenges facing the oil and gas industry in Europe today. A study was conducted to review the issues by literature search, and consultation with stakeholders and experts. It was clear from the literature search that considerable research had been dedicated to: protecting the marine environment; achieving compliance with legislative controls; assessing the technical and economic feasibility of platform disposal options; and ecological surveying. By comparison, considerably less research had been carried out in other important areas such as: assessing the impacts wastes returned to shore for disposal; identifying sustainable strategies for operations; and assessing and mitigating against adverse impacts from atmospheric emissions. It is clear that the environmental regulatory regime offshore will become tougher and have an increasing influence on offshore oil and gas field environmental planning and management. Future regulatory developments include: a streamlining of the offshore oil and gas environmental regulatory regime; the introduction of the Habitats Directive into the licensing system; and the Offshore Combustion Installations (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Regulations 1999. In addition, post Kyoto regulatory developments and societal concern over atmospheric pollution, will increasingly focus efforts on reducing the emission of global warming gases. These changes, coupled with the uncertainty over how resilient the environment is to perturbation, present a need to clearly manage environmental information.     

Wind energy potential assessment and techno-economic performance of wind turbines in coastal sites of Buenos Aires province,Argentina

An assessment of wind energy potential was carried out in five sites (four onshore and one offshore) in South-West (SW) of Buenos Aires province (Argentina). We use high-resolution wind data (2 and 5 min) for the period 2009–2012. The power law was used to estimate the wind speed at 30, 40, and 60 m height from the anemometer position. Turbulence intensity and wind direction were analyzed. Statistical analyses were conducted using two-parameter Weibull distribution. A techno-economic analysis based on a set of commercial wind turbines was performed in those sites. The results derived from this work indicate that the SW of Buenos Aires province represents a promising area for the wind energy extraction, which would encourage the construction of wind farms for electricity generation.     

Need for a wind of change? Use of offshore wind messages by stakeholders and the media in Germany and their effects on public acceptance

This study investigates German news media coverage and PR material of offshore wind stakeholders from industry, politics, science and civil society thoroughly to provide insights about offshore wind benefits and risks communicated frequently and rarely to the public. By comparative analyses, differences between stakeholder and media messages are revealed: while stakeholders strongly focused on the supportive argument relevance of offshore wind for the energy turnaround, the media often discussed the negative impacts higher costs and delays in grid connection. Furthermore, the influence of offshore wind arguments on acceptance is measured within a survey representative of the German population. With these results, it can be assessed how far influential arguments were presented and which messages have been used frequently despite their low impact. Disruptions to viewscapes, limitation of commercial fishing areas, and hazards to shipping proved to be effective arguments to influence offshore wind acceptance – however, they were seldom used.     

Electromagnetic fields and other physical factors around wind power generators (pilot study)

According to the 20/20/20 strategy by European Union for green energy by 2020 priority should be given to the Renewable Energy Sources. The energy generated from the wind has proven to be of interest for several reasons—wind is available, it is a cheap, and virtually inexhaustible source of energy. In this relation in the last years, many wind power stations were built all around the country. They are being located in proximity of populated areas. Their work besides the generation of electricity is connected to emission of physical factors in the environment that could be essential for human health. In order to avoid overexposure to electromagnetic fields, noise, and vibration to the general public minimal safety distance is being determined theoretically for ‘worst case” conditions basing on the technical characteristics of the generators. After the mounting of installations, measurements have to be performed to determine whether the national and European safety limits for the factors of environment are being kept. The paper presents results of measurement of electromagnetic fields, additionally noise and vibration around one of the biggest wind power parks in Bulgaria. The measurements were made in the close proximity of the generators both for the personnel working conditions and for the population in the closest living areas.     

论海洋污染的国际法规制

海洋环境保护是国际环境保护的重要组成部分,而国际社会的合作是构建海洋环境保护国际法制的有效路径。本研究梳理了海洋环境保护立法的历史演变,分析了《联合国海洋法公约》在海洋环境保护中的意义,从陆地来源、船舶、倾倒、远洋油气和矿产资源开发造成海上污染的四个方面着重论述了海洋环境污染与国际法保护问题,最后总结了国际海洋环境保护立法中的教训。