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1.
利用西安咸阳高速公路交通气象自动观测站网2013年8月—2015年4月共21个月的交通气象实时观测资料,对该路段大气低能见度事件变化特征及其主要气象影响因子进行了初探。结果表明:造成低能见度事件主要有霾(52.9%)、雾(31.3%)和降水(15.8%)三种天气现象发生。各月低能见度事件发生频率秋季最高,春季次之,夏季最低。各时次出现低能见度事件的频率呈白天低、夜间高的单峰单谷型变化。秋冬季节低能见度事件发生期间,高速路段雾、霾所占比例相当;当相对湿度大于80%时,与能见度呈多项式型负相关。秋冬季节机场高速路段低能见度发生期间,96.0%以上为小风或静风天气。夏季高速路段能见度与逐分钟降水量变化趋势呈镜像反相关,且二者呈显著的幂指数型相关(R2=0.7076)。  相似文献   

2.
广州市大气TSP浓度变化及其与气象因子的关系   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
利用实地监测大气TSP浓度和局地气象数据,研究了2005年至2006年广州市不同功能区大气TSP浓度变化及其与气象因子的关系。结果表明,工业区大气TSP月平均浓度0.273mg/m3最高,显著高于交通繁忙区的0.207mg/m3;极显著高于商业区的0.180mg/m3、社区的0.155mg/m3和对照郊区的0.142mg/m3。研究显示,广州市大气TSP污染仍然比较严重。广州市大气TSP浓度与降雨呈现负相关性,与温度呈极显著的负相关性,与相对湿度呈显著的负相关性,与风速呈负相关性,与风向的相关性不明显。各功能区大气TSP浓度与局地气象因子也存在类似的规律。  相似文献   

3.
利用2009年7月和12月的气象资料(风速、温度和相对湿度)、空气污染物(PM2.5、SO2、NOx和O3)和能见度的监测数据,探讨了西安市夏冬两个季节大气能见度变化特征及其影响因素.结果表明,西安夏季能见度平均值为11.12±5.78km变化范围在2.99~26.99km;冬季能见度明显低于夏季,其平均值为8.31±...  相似文献   

4.
利用泉州市空气自动监测站的监测资料,研究泉州市灰霾天气时PM2.5浓度与风速、温度、相对湿度等气象因素及能见度的关系.结果表明:泉州市灰霾天气期间往往会伴随气象因素及能见度的变化,灰霾发生前,风速降低,相对湿度减小,逆温层形成,能见度降低;灰霾结束前,风速增大,相对湿度趋于稳定,逆温层消失,能见度增大.灰霾发生时,PM2.5的浓度与风速、能见度基本呈负相关的关系,与相对湿度基本呈正相关关系.气象条件及能见度的变化可以为灰霾天气时污染状况的预判提供重要的参考.  相似文献   

5.
周瑶  张鑫  徐静 《自然资源学报》2013,28(5):765-775
使用FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith公式计算了青海省东部农业区7个气象代表站的逐日参考作物蒸散量(ET0),运用多窗谱方法(MTM)对青海省东部代表站的ET0的变化周期进行了分析,同时,分析了影响ET0的主要气象要素的变化趋势,运用基于偏导数的敏感系数法分析了生长季ET0对气温、日照时数、相对湿度、风速的敏感性,结果表明,青海省东部农业区的7个站点有比较一致的19.23~22.22 a的周期;整个东部农业区的气温(最高温度、最低温度、平均温度)呈明显的上升趋势,日照时数、风速、相对湿度则随纬度的变化而趋势不同,北纬36°以南的两个站日照时数、风速均有增加的趋势,相对湿度则减小,以北的5个站则呈相反的变化;ET0对日照时数最为敏感,其次是气温、相对湿度和风速;敏感系数在整个生长季随气象因子的变化而变化,日照时数敏感系数呈波动状,最大值出现在4月,最小值出现在9月,气温敏感系数呈现单峰型变化,最大值出现在7月,风速敏感系数则呈单谷型变化,最小值出现在7月。  相似文献   

6.
对遵义市2014年1月1日-12月31日大气颗粒物在线监测数据分析结果表明,全年PM10和PM2.5质量浓度的变化幅度较大,但变化趋势相似,且具有较好的相关性,其中冬季>春季>秋季>夏季;日变化呈双峰特征分布,夜间峰值比中午峰值大,且夜间PM2.5浓度呈区域性变化特征.选取日平均气温、相对湿度及风速等气象因子,利用Spearman秩相关分析表明遵义市全年PM10和PM2.5质量浓度与气温、相对湿度及风速等气象条件均呈负相关.  相似文献   

7.
天津市大气能见度与颗粒物污染的关系   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9       下载免费PDF全文
利用天津市大气边界层观测站2009年能见度、相对湿度、风速逐时观测资料和2009年3月9~21日期间颗粒物的膜采样数据,分析天津市大气能见度与颗粒物污染的关系.结果表明,颗粒物质量浓度与能见度变化总体呈负相关,小粒径颗粒对能见度的影响作用明显,随着能见度的降低,小粒径颗粒与大粒径颗粒浓度的比值明显增加.能见度与颗粒物中总碳质量浓度变化呈负相关. SO42-,NO3-,OC和EC对大气消光贡献平均值分别为28.7%,6.1%,27.6%和19.2%.表明观测期间颗粒物中SO42-,OC对能见度的影响明显.  相似文献   

8.
根据毕节市2015年大气污染物浓度和气象因子的监测数据,分析了毕节市区大气污染物SO_2、NO_2、PM10、PM2.5、CO及O_3浓度的月、季和年平均变化特征及其影响因素,并对大气污染物浓度之间以及大气污染物浓度与气象因子之间的相关性进行了分析。结果表明:(1)毕节市区2015年空气质量总体良好,空气质量优良天数占95.1%,主要大气污染物为PM10和PM2.5;(2)大气污染物SO_2、PM10、NO_2、PM2.5、CO的月浓度都呈"V"型单谷变化趋势,而O_3的月浓度则为单峰变化趋势;大气污染物SO_2、PM10、NO_2、PM2.5、CO浓度的季节变化为冬季最高、夏季最低,O_3浓度的季节变化则为春季最高、冬季最低,且季节之间的差异性显著(p0.05);大气污染物PM10和PM2.5的年平均浓度分别超过我国《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)中一级标准年平均浓度限值的18.2%和112.4%,SO_2和NO_2的年平均浓度均未超过国家一级标准的年平均浓度限值;(3)大气污染物SO_2、NO_2、CO浓度与颗粒物PM10、PM2.5浓度之间两两呈极显著正相关性(p0.01),其与O_3浓度之间呈极显著负相关性(p0.01);PM2.5浓度与PM10浓度之间呈极显著正相关性,而PM2.5浓度与O_3浓度之间呈显著负相关性,多元线性回归分析得出PM2.5浓度与其他大气污染物浓度之间的拟合方程为:PM2.5=2.718+0.130SO_2+0.747PM10+0.255NO_2-0.077O_3+0.678CO;(4)气压与大气污染物SO_2、NO_2、CO、PM10浓度之间呈显著正相关性,其与O_3浓度之间呈极显著负相关性;温度除与O_3浓度之间呈极显著正相关性外,与其他大气污染物浓度之间呈显著负相关性,且其与O_3浓度的相关性系数最大(r=0.501),说明温度对O_3浓度的影响较大;相对湿度除与CO浓度之间无显著相关性外,与其他大气污染物浓度之间均呈显著性负相关性;风速与O_3浓度之间呈极显著正相关性,其与其他大气污染物浓度之间均呈极显著负相关性。  相似文献   

9.
朱常琳  李夏清  李富渊 《环境工程》2017,35(11):104-109
分析西安市主要大气污染物浓度(PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2、CO、O_3)随时间、空间的变化特征及其与天气情况、车流量变化之间的相关特性。结果表明:大气污染物浓度会因地区特点随人流量呈规律性波动;PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)与对应的SO_2、NO_2、CO、大气相对湿度呈正相关,与臭氧、温度、风速呈负相关;受排放及气温辐射影响,NO_2浓度在午后出现峰值且滞后于交通峰值;连续型降水对PM_(10)的稀释作用随降雨天数的增加呈"驼峰"型变化。  相似文献   

10.
气象条件对环境空气质量影响的研究是科学制订大气环境污染防控方案、及时发布重污染天气应急预警的基础.利用兰州市西固区环境空气质量监测点2015年主要污染物小时浓度监测值,分析了污染物浓度的季节性变化和日变化特征,结合同期观测的气温、风速、相对湿度和降水量等气象资料,探讨了气象要素对污染物浓度变化的影响.结果表明:①除O3外,其他污染物质量浓度呈"冬高夏低""早晚高下午低"的变化特点,这与表征污染物扩散能力的边界层参数变化特征一致. ②ρ(O3)春季为71.42 μg/m3,夏季为62.74 μg/m3,春季高于夏季的主要原因是春季O3的前体物NOx质量浓度高于夏季且春季扩散条件弱于夏季. ③除O3外,其他污染物质量浓度与气温、风速呈负相关. ④当相对湿度 < 40%时,污染物质量浓度与相对湿度呈正相关;当相对湿度>80%时,污染物质量浓度与相对湿度呈负相关;降雨对不同污染物的清除效果不同.研究显示,河谷地形气温和风速是影响污染物扩散的重要气象因子.   相似文献   

11.
Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity (both in gene richness and diversity index values) and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor (50 mg/kg) recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos (150 mg/kg) caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos (250 mg/kg) produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes (bands) responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals: four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.  相似文献   

12.
The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.  相似文献   

13.
Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.  相似文献   

14.
Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone (BP 1,6- quinone), trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BP 7,8-diol), 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OHBP), were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that (1) the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; (2) the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; (3) the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% (w/v), concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.  相似文献   

15.
In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato (Solanum tuberosum) and brinjal (Solanum melongena), for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.  相似文献   

16.
RemovalofheavymetalsfromsewagesludgebylowcostingchemicalmethodandrecyclinginagricultureWuQitang,NyirandegePascasie,MoCehuiF...  相似文献   

17.
A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several (halo)aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no (chloro)catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.  相似文献   

18.
Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease   总被引:3,自引:3,他引:3  
The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury (Hg) on urease activity in 4 soils (meadow burozem and phaeozem) was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase (up to 13%-21%) in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship (P〈0.05) between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose (ED50) values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.  相似文献   

19.
A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field > tree land > fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT >1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.  相似文献   

20.
Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.  相似文献   

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