基于清单算法的区域温室气体排放特征分析——以四川省为例

从能源活动、工业生产、农业活动、林业活动和废弃物处置5个方面构建四川省温室气体排放清单,立足部门主体异质性和温室气体品种异质性双重视角科学研判温室气体排放特征并界定关键排放来源。结果表明：1)能源活动是温室气体排放首要贡献源,能源加工转换和终端能源消费是关键排放领域,区域电力交易在保障能源供应安全的同时间接减缓排放强度。2)工业生产中,四川省作为水泥生产大省带动行业CO₂排放占据主导;电炉钢产业示范性发展推动钢铁生产碳减排;资源回收利用导致玻璃生产CO₂排放量较小;N₂O排放来自硝酸生产的高温催化反应。3)农业活动中,动物肠道发酵CH₄排放占据主导,粪便管理N₂O排放较显著;水稻种植CH₄排放受到规模效应和有机物投入的综合影响。4)林业活动中,森林碳汇对温室效应缓解效果显著,而2021年由于病虫害高发致使虫灾造成的碳库减少量陡增。5)废弃物处置温室气体排放贡献较小,且主要来源于固体废弃物焚烧处理。     

绿色屋顶蒸散发及其降温效果

植被的蒸散发潜热使得绿色屋顶具有明显的降温效果。但是,如何准确地观测绿色屋顶蒸散发量一直是蒸散发研究中的难点问题,这影响了绿色屋顶的降温机理研究和推广应用。为此,尝试利用热红外遥感+三温模型的方法,探讨亚热带城市深圳的绿色屋顶蒸散发量的定量观测及其降温效果。结果表明：在日变化方面,雨后4 d的日蒸腾量逐渐下降,分别为1.95、1.91、1.66、1.55 mm·d-1;相应的绿色屋顶表面温度逐渐上升,日平均温度分别为21.62、22.50、23.67、24.74℃,与参考叶片（无蒸腾叶片）表面温度的差值也逐渐缩小,分别为9.08、8.66、7.97、7.38℃;对屋顶气温（1 000 m3空气柱）的降温效果也逐渐降低,分别为1.82、1.79、1.17、1.10℃。在夏季和冬季的晴天条件下,绿色屋顶的白天蒸腾速率的变化范围分别可达0.04~0.54 mm·h-1和0.03~0.09 mm·h-1;在夏季和冬季,绿色屋顶与大理石屋顶的表面温度差分别可达到4.54和4.35℃,与水泥屋顶的表面温度差可达到9.94、9.35℃。在夏季晴天条件下,绿色屋顶、大理石屋顶和水泥屋顶表面温度的日较差分别是10.30、14.80、20.70℃。这些结果表明,绿色屋顶不仅可以显著地降低屋顶的表面温度和周围气温,而且可以有效地减弱屋顶表面温度的变化幅度,对城市人居环境的调节具有积极意义。     

城市污水污泥处置方式的温室气体排放比较分析

针对我国现在主流的城市污水污泥处置方法:填埋,焚烧,堆肥。用IPCC中推荐的方法和缺省值,对处置过程中产生的温室气体的直接排放、间接排放和替代排放做了计算和分析。填埋过程计算排放的温室气体有CH4,焚烧过程计算排放的有温室气体CO2和N2O,堆肥过程计算的排放的有温室气体CO2和N2O,最终比较的结果都折算成CO2的排放。结果表明,污泥填埋、焚烧、堆肥所产生的CO2的净排放量分别为695.847 kg CO2/t、443.643 kg CO2/t、511.817 kgCO2/t。由于考虑了堆肥以后的有机肥利用,从减排以及污泥资源化的角度分析,得出堆肥是相对好的污泥处置方式。     

降温凝膜影响颗粒物脱除特性的实验研究

为了探究降温凝膜对颗粒物脱除特性的影响,采用电称低压冲击器对模拟烟气(过饱和湿烟气)在静电除尘器前后的颗粒物进行在线监测和分析,得到颗粒物浓度及粒径分布特征,研究了不同降温幅度下凝结相变对颗粒物脱除特性的影响,并着重关注细颗粒物。研究结果表明:降温幅度增大,细颗粒物核化凝结长大,发生凝并、团聚,粒径明显变大;降温凝膜后,静电除尘器对细颗粒物脱除效果明显增强;降温5℃与降温0℃时对比,PM10的质量脱除效率提高约30百分点。降温幅度为4℃时,PM2.5的质量总脱除效率和数量总脱除效率分别已达到73.09%、67.44%。考虑到降温成本,实际应用中,降温幅度选择4℃为宜。     

江浙沪地区废物温室气体排放及减排措施

根据ＩＰＣＣ Ｇｕｉｄｅｌｉｎｅｓ（１９９５）提供的方法，对１９９０年江浙沪地区废物温室气体排放清单进行了统计计算，并对所得的数据进一步的分析和评估，江浙沪地区废物温室气体排放量为：ＣＯ２：１７３１Ｇｇ；ＣＨ４：６３７Ｇｇ。在此还提出了废物温室气体减排的具体措施。     

宁波市废弃物处理温室气体排放特征研究

随着社会经济的快速发展和城市化进程的不断推进,城市废弃物的产生量显著增长,而废弃物的处理过程也成为了产生温室气体的一个不可忽视的排放源。采用《2006年IPCC国家温室气体清单指南》和《浙江省市县温室气体清单编制指南》推荐的方法,估算了2005—2013年宁波市废弃物处理温室气体排放量,主要针对固体废弃物填埋、焚烧和废水处理等过程估算排放总量和强度。结果表明,2005—2013年宁波市温室气体排放总量呈波动上升趋势,2013年比2005年增长了78%,其中,固体废弃物焚烧过程增幅最大,增长了7倍。至2013年,固体废弃物填埋过程仍是占比最大的排放源,其次是固体废弃物焚烧和工业废水处理过程,排放比例分别为40.12%(质量分数,下同)、26.00%、22.53%。最后,提出了减少宁波市废弃物处理领域温室气体排放的有效途径,即开展垃圾分类回收、减少垃圾产生量、增加焚烧处理比例、加大垃圾填埋气回收和适度控制温室气体高排放行业的发展规模等。     

基于多源数据融合的浙江省温室气体与大气污染物排放协同研究

减污降碳协同是中国新发展阶段经济社会发展全面绿色转型的必然选择。以浙江省为研究对象,应用多源数据融合方法构建1 km×1 km的温室气体与大气污染物排放网格,采用耦合协调模型识别温室气体和大气污染物排放的协同高值区、磨合区、拮抗区等。研究结果显示,占浙江省国土空间0.68%的协同高值区集聚了30.6%的温室气体排放和38.3%的大气污染物排放,根据不同区域协同排放特性提出减污降碳治理的空间管控优先次序建议、重点行业治理建议、重点因子治理建议等,丰富了区域减污降碳协同的精细化定量分析方法和中长期治理路径优化技术方法。     

发达国家温室气体减排现状及对我国的启示

气候变化是当前全世界关注的焦点问题,大气中温室气体浓度的不断升高与人类活动存在密切的联系.温室气体的历史排放主要是由发达国家产生的,发达国家对气候变化负有主要的责任.目前发达国家温室气体减排履约的整体情况不容乐观,主要发达国家的排放量呈上升趋势,但一些发达国家的减排经验还是值得借鉴的.本文在总结发达国家温室气体减排政策和措施的基础上,结合我国实际情况,提出了我国温室气体减排的可能对策.     

清洁发展机制项目基准线方案选择及比较

以北京某燃气蒸汽联合循环热电冷联产项目为案例,着重论述了清洁发展机制(CDM)项目基准线的设置原则和方法,并据此为本项目设置了不同的基准线．在此基础上计算了各基准线对应的项目温室气体减排量。比较不同的基准线对温室气体减排量的影响,分析产生这些差异的原因．为本项目选择最合理的基准线和类似项目选择合理的基准线提供建议。     

电力成全球温室气体“祸首”汽车次之

中国环境与发展国际合作委员会（国合会）专家在2008年4月23日表示,电力行业、车辆交通已成为全球温室气体排放的两大“罪魁祸首”,其中电力温室气体排放占温室气体排放总量的40%,而车辆交通温室气体排放占20％。     

工业循环冷却水处理技术研究动态

目前工业循环水处理技术主要有药剂处理、磁化处理和臭氧处理,其中药剂处理最为常用。近年来,药剂作用机理研究日趋深化,药剂合成、检验与复配技术也得到较大发展;同时,水处理技术的发展为循环水水质稳定技术注入了新的活力,磁化处理、臭氧处理技术也相继运用到工业循环水处理技术中来,并取得了较好效果。     

Increase in summer European ozone amounts due to climate change

The local and regional distribution of pollutants is significantly influenced by weather patterns and variability along with the spatial patterns of emissions. Therefore, climatic changes which affect local meteorological conditions can alter air quality. We use the regional air quality model CHIMERE driven by meteorological fields from regional climate change simulations to investigate changes in summer ozone mixing ratios over Europe under increased greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing. Using three 30-year simulation periods, we find that daily peak ozone amounts as well as average ozone concentrations substantially increase during summer in future climate conditions. This is mostly due to higher temperatures and reduced cloudiness and precipitation over Europe and it leads to a higher number of ozone events exceeding information and warning thresholds. Our results show a pronounced regional variability, with the largest effects of climate change on ozone concentrations occurring over England, Belgium, Germany and France. The temperature-driven increase in biogenic emissions appears to enhance the ozone production and isoprene was identified as the most important chemical factor in the ozone sensitivity. We also find that summer ozone levels in future climate projections are similar to those found during the exceptionally warm and dry European summer of 2003. Our simulations suggest that in future climate conditions summer ozone might pose a much more serious threat to human health, agriculture and natural ecosystems in Europe, so that the effects of climate trends on pollutant amounts should be considered in future emission control measures.     

Deposition of semivolatile organic compounds to spruce needles

The accumulation of atmospheric HCB, Lindane, DDT, DDE and the PCB congeners 52, 101, 138, 153 and 180 in spruce needles (Picea abies) was investigated at outdoor locations and in greenhouses supplied with ambient air. The air supply of the greenhouses was modified to dinstinguish between gaseous and particle-associated deposition of the compounds. Accumulation of the compounds occurred in all spruce except those grown in the greenhouse where the gaseous concentration of the compounds was reduced. Spruce grown in the greenhouse supplied with particle-free ambient air behaved similarity to those grown outdoors. Protecting the spruce located outdoors from rain did not affect the accumulation. The results show that under spring and summer conditions at a typical central European rural environment dry gaseous deposition is the dominant pathway of these compounds to needles. For Part I “Calculation of Dry and Wet Fluxes” see issue 3, pp. 146–150.     

Air pollution,greenhouse gases and climate change: Global and regional perspectives

Greenhouse gases (GHGs) warm the surface and the atmosphere with significant implications for rainfall, retreat of glaciers and sea ice, sea level, among other factors. About 30 years ago, it was recognized that the increase in tropospheric ozone from air pollution (NO_x, CO and others) is an important greenhouse forcing term. In addition, the recognition of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) on stratospheric ozone and its climate effects linked chemistry and climate strongly. What is less recognized, however, is a comparably major global problem dealing with air pollution. Until about ten years ago, air pollution was thought to be just an urban or a local problem. But new data have revealed that air pollution is transported across continents and ocean basins due to fast long-range transport, resulting in trans-oceanic and trans-continental plumes of atmospheric brown clouds (ABCs) containing sub micron size particles, i.e., aerosols. ABCs intercept sunlight by absorbing as well as reflecting it, both of which lead to a large surface dimming. The dimming effect is enhanced further because aerosols may nucleate more cloud droplets, which makes the clouds reflect more solar radiation. The dimming has a surface cooling effect and decreases evaporation of moisture from the surface, thus slows down the hydrological cycle. On the other hand, absorption of solar radiation by black carbon and some organics increase atmospheric heating and tend to amplify greenhouse warming of the atmosphere.ABCs are concentrated in regional and mega-city hot spots. Long-range transport from these hot spots causes widespread plumes over the adjacent oceans. Such a pattern of regionally concentrated surface dimming and atmospheric solar heating, accompanied by widespread dimming over the oceans, gives rise to large regional effects. Only during the last decade, we have begun to comprehend the surprisingly large regional impacts. In S. Asia and N. Africa, the large north-south gradient in the ABC dimming has altered both the north-south gradients in sea surface temperatures and land–ocean contrast in surface temperatures, which in turn slow down the monsoon circulation and decrease rainfall over the continents. On the other hand, heating by black carbon warms the atmosphere at elevated levels from 2 to 6 km, where most tropical glaciers are located, thus strengthening the effect of GHGs on retreat of snow packs and glaciers in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya-Tibetan glaciers.Globally, the surface cooling effect of ABCs may have masked as much 47% of the global warming by greenhouse gases, with an uncertainty range of 20–80%. This presents a dilemma since efforts to curb air pollution may unmask the ABC cooling effect and enhance the surface warming. Thus efforts to reduce GHGs and air pollution should be done under one common framework. The uncertainties in our understanding of the ABC effects are large, but we are discovering new ways in which human activities are changing the climate and the environment.     

A one year study of the seasonal variations of sDDT and PCB levels in fish from heated and unheated areas near a nuclear power plant

An investigation of the influence of excess heat discharge from a nuclear power plant on the residual levels of the sDOT and PCB in roach and perch has been made during a period of one year. A seasonal variation of the residual concentrations was observed, with the highest levels during spring and early summer and lower more stable levels in the autumn. Significantly higher levels of the sDDT and PCB was observed in perch from the cooling water recipient as compared to values in perch from the intake area. No significant differences could however be verified for roach. The result stress the importance that, in a monitoring program, a sampling period with stable ecological conditions is selected.     

Halogenated compounds and climate change: future emission levels and reduction costs

OBJECTIVES: This work assesses the contribution to climate change resulting from emissions of the group of halogenated greenhouse gases. METHODS: A bottom-up emission model covering 22 technological sectors in four major regions is described. Emission estimates for 1996 and projection for 2010 and 2020 are presented. The costs for deep cuts into projected emission levels are calculated. RESULTS: The substances covered by this study have contributed emissions of 1100 +/- 800 MT CO2 equivalents per year in 1996. In terms of their relative contribution to emissions of CO2 equivalents, this corresponds to 3 +/- 2% of global emissions of all anthropogenic greenhouse gases. The wide range of uncertainty is due to the poorly quantified net global warming potential of the ozone depleting substances, which have an indirect cooling effect on climate through the destruction of stratospheric ozone. For annual emissions of HFCs, PFCs and SF6 (which are regulated under the Kyoto Protocol and for which global warming potentials are well defined), the relative contribution is projected to increase to 2% (600 MT CO2 eq.) of global greenhouse gas emissions by 2010. This trend is expected to continue, emissions are projected to grow to a contribution of roughly 3% (870 MT CO2 eq.) in 2020 compared to 0.9% (300 MT CO2 eq.) in 1996. For HFCs, PFCs and SF6, this study identifies global emission reduction potentials of 260 MT CO2 eq. per year in 2010 and 640 MT CO2 eq. per year in 2020 at below US$ 50 per ton. These values correspond to roughly 40% and 75% of projected emissions in 2010 and 2020, respectively.     

Effect of ferrate on green algae removal

Green algae Cladophora aegagropila, present in cooling water of thermal power plants, causes many problems and complications, especially during summer. However, algae and its metabolites are rarely eliminated by common removal methods. In this work, the elimination efficiency of electrochemically prepared potassium ferrate(VI) on algae from cooling water was investigated. The influence of experimental parameters, such as Fe(VI) dosage, application time, pH of the system, temperature and hydrodynamics of the solution on removal efficiency, was optimized. This study demonstrates that algae C. aegagropila can be effectively removed from cooling water by ferrate. Application of ferrate(VI) at the optimized dosage and under the suitable conditions (temperature, pH) leads to 100% removal of green algae Cladophora from the system. Environmentally friendly reduction products (Fe(III)) and coagulation properties favour the application of ferrate for the treatment of water contaminated with studied microorganisms compared to other methods such as chlorination and use of permanganate, where harmful products are produced.

     

Methane emissions from macrophyte beach wrack on Baltic seashores

Beach wrack of marine macrophytes is a natural component of many beaches. To test if such wrack emits the potent greenhouse gas methane, field measurements were made at different seasons on beach wrack depositions of different ages, exposure, and distance from the water. Methane emissions varied greatly, from 0 to 176 mg CH₄-C m⁻² day⁻¹, with a clear positive correlation between emission and temperature. Dry wrack had lower emissions than wet. Using temperature data from 2016 to 2020, seasonal changes in fluxes were calculated for a natural wrack accumulation area. Such calculated average emissions were close to zero during winter, but peaked in summer, with very high emissions when daily temperatures exceeded 20 °C. We conclude that waterlogged beach wrack significantly contributes to greenhouse gas emissions and that emissions might drastically increase with increasing global temperatures. When beach wrack is collected into heaps away from the water, the emissions are however close to zero.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-022-01774-4.     

Formation of secondary inorganic aerosols by power plant emissions exhausted through cooling towers in Saxony

Background, aim, and scope  The fraction of ambient PM₁₀ that is due to the formation of secondary inorganic particulate sulfate and nitrate from the emissions of two large, brown-coal-fired power stations in Saxony (East Germany) is examined. The power stations are equipped with natural-draft cooling towers. The flue gases are directly piped into the cooling towers, thereby receiving an additionally intensified uplift. The exhausted gas-steam mixture contains the gases CO, CO₂, NO, NO₂, and SO₂, the directly emitted primary particles, and additionally, an excess of ‘free’ sulfate ions in water solution, which, after the desulfurization steps, remain non-neutralized by cations. The precursor gases NO₂ and SO₂ are capable of forming nitric and sulfuric acid by several pathways. The acids can be neutralized by ammonia and generate secondary particulate matter by heterogeneous condensation on preexisting particles. Materials and methods  The simulations are performed by a nested and multi-scale application of the online-coupled model system LM-MUSCAT. The Local Model (LM; recently renamed as COSMO) of the German Weather Service performs the meteorological processes, while the Multi-scale Atmospheric Transport Model (MUSCAT) includes the transport, the gas phase chemistry, as well as the aerosol chemistry (thermodynamic ammonium–sulfate–nitrate–water system). The highest horizontal resolution in the inner region of Saxony is 0.7 km. One summer and one winter episode, each realizing 5 weeks of the year 2002, are simulated twice, with the cooling tower emissions switched on and off, respectively. This procedure serves to identify the direct and indirect influences of the single plumes on the formation and distribution of the secondary inorganic aerosols. Results and conclusions  Surface traces of the individual tower plumes can be located and distinguished, especially in the well-mixed boundary layer in daytime. At night, the plumes are decoupled from the surface. In no case does the resulting contribution of the cooling tower emissions to PM₁₀ significantly exceed 15 μgm⁻³ at the surface. These extreme values are obtained in narrow plumes on intensive summer conditions, whereas different situations with lower turbulence (night, winter) remain below this value. About 90% of the PM₁₀ concentrations in the plumes are secondarily formed sulfate, mainly ammonium sulfate, and about 10% originate from the primarily emitted particles. Under the assumptions made, ammonium nitrate plays a rather marginal role. Recommendations and perspectives  The analyzed results depend on the specific emission data of power plants with flue gas emissions piped through the cooling towers. The emitted fraction of ‘free’ sulfate ions remaining in excess after the desulfurization steps plays an important role at the formation of secondary aerosols and therefore has to be measured carefully.