上海市滩涂湿地生态系统健康评价及成因分析

上海沿江沿海地区是我国重要的滩涂湿地分布区,其滩涂湿地生态系统健康对上海乃至长三角地区的生态安全具有重要意义。基于“压力-状态-响应（PSR）”模型,构建了上海市滩涂湿地生态系统健康评价指标体系,采用熵权综合评价法对研究区域生态系统健康状况进行评价,并设定了相应的健康评价分级标准。结果表明：杭州湾北沿边滩、南汇边滩、浦东边滩、宝山边滩、长兴岛周缘边滩、横沙岛周缘边滩、崇明南滩、崇明北滩均处于亚健康状态;崇明西滩处于较健康状态;而崇明东滩和九段沙湿地处于健康状态。过度围垦、环境污染、互花米草（Spartina alterniflora Loisel）〖JP2〗入侵等胁迫因子是上海市滩涂湿地面临的主要压力。在多重胁迫因子作用下,近30 a〖JP〗来上海滩涂湿地面积锐减,生态系统结构改变,生态功能退化。应重点控制滩涂开发强度,减少污染物排放,并加强对上海市滩涂湿地尤其是大陆边滩的保护,以维护湿地生态系统健康,保障区域生态安全     

基于神经元网络模型的崇明东滩湿地生态系统健康评估

崇明东滩湿地位于崇明岛的东端,是全球重要的生态敏感区域,由于受到人类活动的干扰,生态系统健康遭受威胁,因此有必要对其健康进行定量的评价研究。以崇明东滩湿地为研究区域,以生态系统健康理论为基础,选取地形地貌、环境、生物、人类干扰等指标,并将研究区的健康分为五级,建立东滩湿地健康评价指标体系。结合GIS的技术,以网格为评价单元,并在神经元网络模型理论和技术的支持下,提出了一个分布式神经网络湿地生态系统健康评价模型,定量的分析崇明东滩湿地的健康状况,为湿地的合理利用与保护提供决策支持和科学依据。研究结果从空间上显示了崇明东滩湿地不同区域的健康状况,总体来说处于一个比较健康的状态,但健康状态较好的区域面积只占30％,相对一般区占70％,且生态系统健康将呈下降趋势。因此,需要对湿地加强管理,使湿地生态系统可持续发展。     

深圳红树林湿地系统健康评价

本文以深圳市福田自然保护区红树林为例,基于压力-状态-响应(PSR)模型构建了深圳红树林湿地生态系统健康评价体系,并根据熵权法和GM(1,1)模型计算深圳市红树林2008-2018年的综合生态健康指数(CHI)。结果表明:深圳市福田红树林生态系统的综合健康指数(CHI)呈现波动上升趋势,表明红树林生态系统为亚健康状态,个别年份的生态系统综合生态健康指数出现下降,但从整体上看综合生态健康情况呈现良好发展的趋势。     

山东寿光沿海湿地生态系统健康诊断

以寿光沿海湿地为例，运用二级模糊综合评判模型对湿地生态系统的健康进行了综合评价。首先从湿地生态特征、整体功能特征及外部社会环境三方面选取23项评价指标，构建了寿光沿海湿地生态系统健康的综合评价体系，整个指标体系分为单项指标、亚类指标和综合指标三个层次：然后进一步把评价指标划分为很健康、健康、亚健康、疾病4个等级，运用定量、半定量与定性相结合、定性描述等多种手法界定了等级划分标准，确定了各指标的等级隶一度，构造了隶属评判矩阵；通过专家咨询法．确定了各指标的权重，构造了权重向量；最后，运用加权平均型二级模糊综合评判模型对寿光沿海湿地生态系统健康逐级进行评价。评价结果显示，该温地系统在最大隶属程度上处于亚健康状态。     

基于PSR框架模型的三峡库区忠县汝溪河流域生态系统健康评价

以压力-状态-响应(PSR)框架模型作为研究方法,以2005～2009年的数据为基础,参考国内外已有的有关流域生态系统健康的研究,构建三峡库区忠县汝溪河流域生态系统健康评价体系,采用层次分析法(AHP)确定该流域各指标的权重值,运用流域生态系统健康综合指数模型对该流域进行综合健康评价分析。研究表明:5a间,忠县汝溪河流域生态系统的健康平均综合指数为0.509 7,整体上处于较健康的状态。2005～2009年,该流域生态系统健康处于波动状态,其中,2007年的流域生态系统健康状况最佳,但2006年的流域生态系统健康状态较差。研究表明,对三峡库区忠县汝溪河流域生态系统健康影响较大的有生物第一性潜在生产率、人口密度,以及地表水综合污染指数等指标。总体上,2005～2009年忠县汝溪河流域在社会、经济、自然各方面都处于良好的状态,整体上保持着整个生态系统的健康状态,基本上能实现本流域的可持续发展。然而,我们仍需将社会效应、经济效应与生态环境相结合,保持三峡库区忠县汝溪河流域生态系统的健康状态。     

综合治理前后兰陵溪小流域生态系统健康格局与动态

兰陵溪小流域是三峡库区的典型小流域,其生态建设具有重要的战略地位和示范效应。基于生态系统结构、功能、适应力和社会价值研究的小流域健康状况评估,可为生态系统管理决策提供理论依据。利用遥感数据和实地调查数据建立基于Fishnet网格的兰陵溪小流域健康评价数据库,选用压力 状态 响应评价模型和层次分析法构建小流域生态系统健康评价指标体系,并对2002～2009年小流域生态健康进行评价,分析兰陵溪小流域生态系统健康状况的时空变化规律。从压力、状态、响应等3个方面选择12个指标构建了小流域健康评价指标体系,包括外界对小流域生态系统的干扰程度、小流域自身状态及响应指标,且健康评价数据可选用调查统计数据和遥感数据,具有较强的系统性和可操作性;随海拔的上升,人口密度减小和森林植被覆盖度提高,健康指数明显升高。因此,在兰陵溪小流域内海拔较高、森林植被覆盖度高、人类活动少的西南部健康评价综合指数明显高于海拔低、森林植被较少、人口密度大的东北部及中部河谷区域;在2002～2009年,小流域生态系统健康状况好转的网格数占总数的94444%,健康指数平均值从0531提高到0781;兰陵溪小流域生态系统健康状况的改善主要得益于土壤侵蚀强度的降低和生态弹性指数的提升,两者对提高健康指数的贡献率分别达到40887%和23153%。在水土流失严重区域,通过综合治理,特别是林业生态工程的实施,优化土地利用方式、提升生态系统的弹性和服务功能,可以大幅度改善小流域健康状况     

南四湖湖泊湿地生态健康评价

通过对南四湖湿地生态系统的现状特点的诊断分析,建立了湿地自身组织结构、整体功能和外部社会经济环境3个亚类21个指标的生态系统健康评价指标体系,并设立了4级评价等级,以模糊综合评判模型作为研究方法,对南四湖湿地生态健康状况进行评价,南四湖湿地生态系统的健康度为0.535。表明南四湖湿地生态系统处于亚健康状态,其主要病因在于工农业及生活废水污染、水产养殖及泥沙淤积、人工围垦和修筑桩台等活动。随着南四湖流域水污染治理与管理力度不断加大,湿地生态系统健康状况已有所好转。     

互花米草在上海崇明东滩的入侵历史、分布现状和扩张趋势的预测

近20余a来,互花米草在我国沿海及河口滩涂快速扩散,已成为我国海岸盐沼中最重要的入侵植物。上海崇明东滩是我国长江口的国际重要湿地,目前受到了互花米草入侵的严重威胁。自1995年在崇明东滩首次发现互花米草以来,互花米草的分布面积已超过1 600 hm2。总结了近几年在崇明东滩进行的互花米草相关研究,旨在对互花米草的控制与管理提供科学依据。目前互花米草主要分布在崇明东滩的东部及北部,决定其入侵动态与分布的主要因素在于：（1）互花米草对沿海滩涂环境具有良好适应与耐受能力;（2）人为引种大大加快了互花米草的扩张速度;（3）崇明东滩湿地的水分盐度条件特征导致互花米草主要分布在崇明东滩的东部与北部。根据互花米草的生理学特征和长江口地区的水文特点可以推断：互花米草在东滩东部和北部将继续扩张,但目前尚难入侵东滩南部区域,而人类活动可能加剧互花米草入侵。根据互花米草的入侵现状和趋势,必须尽快采取多种途径对互花米草进行控制和管理     

基于PSR模型的土地利用系统健康评价及障碍因子诊断

土地利用系统健康评价及障碍因子诊断是土地资源可持续利用的重要基础。在界定土地利用系统健康内涵的基础上,构建了基于PSR模型的评价指标体系,采用熵值法和障碍度模型,对四川省土地利用系统健康进行了评价。研究结果表明：（1）2000~2008年四川省土地利用系统健康水平总体不断提高,综合指数从0394 5增加到0557 3,健康等级经历了“不健康 临界状态”的演变历程;（2）压力指数总体上呈现下降趋势,状态指数和响应指数总体上呈现上升趋势;（3）长远来看,系统压力是影响土地利用系统健康的首要因素,2000~2008年系统压力和系统状态的障碍度分别以年均881%和097%的速度增加,而系统响应的障碍度以年均766%的速度下降;（4）影响土地利用系统健康的主要障碍因子包括固定资产投资增长率、人均耕地面积、土地垦殖率、水土流失程度、地均GDP等。为了促进土地利用系统健康水平不断提高,需要进一步转变经济发展方式,加强土地利用监督管理,加大环境治理力度,有效控制水土流失程度     

东洞庭湖湿地生态系统健康状态与水位关系研究

基于CBERS卫星遥感影像数据,以东洞庭湖国家级自然保护区为研究区,通过光谱特征分析建立决策树分类模型,提取东洞庭湖湿地的地物类型。以生态系统健康理论为基础,依据东洞庭湖湿地的特点,综合湿地生产力、组织结构、弹性和功能4个方面,建立湿地生态系统健康状态评价指标体系和评价模型,利用GIS技术,分析东洞庭湖湿地在2000～2006年10个时相的生态系统健康状态。结合城陵矶水文站的水位数据,探讨了东洞庭湖湿地健康状态与城陵矶水位之间的相关性,并利用2007年两个时相的数据进行检验。研究结果表明：东洞庭湖湿地健康状态与城陵矶水位之间存在着较大的相关性,当城陵矶水位达到30 m左右时,东洞庭湖湿地健康状态达到最佳值     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.