汤逊湖水体叶绿素浓度遥感估测研究

内陆水体叶绿素浓度遥感监测的各种经验模型在模型的方法和参数上都有一定的时空限制。为了实现武汉汤逊湖叶绿素浓度的遥感监测,利用同步实测的光谱数据和水质数据进行了该湖泊叶绿素浓度的遥感定量反演研究。首先分析了汤逊湖水体的反射率光谱曲线;其次通过相关分析的方法,发现了汤逊湖水体反射率在单波段法、一阶微分法和比值法建模中的最优波段或组合,并进行了一元线性建模;最后对3种模型的反演精度进行了比较分析。结果表明,对于汤逊湖叶绿素浓度遥感反演,一阶微分法和比值法优于单波段法,一阶微分法的最优波段在446.9 nm附近,比值法的最优波段组合为R861.1/R865.7,二者回归R2都在0.86以上。本项研究可为汤逊湖叶绿素浓度的遥感估测提供了参考。     

参保企业转移脆弱性的评估方法研究——以长沙地区为例

保险担当着不可或缺的风险转移、风险担保和风险控制的重要职责,保险公司亦成为政府推动灾害综合风险管理发展的得力助手,但保险公司在进行风险管理的同时,自身也面临着高风险。为了给保险公司在承保业务时提供科学的风险防范指导,促进保险业的健康发展,基于Hoovering改进模型,利用广义回归神经网络对企业通过投保行为转移给保险公司的脆弱性进行了研究和评估。选择湖南省长沙市为研究区,利用湖南省人民保险公司的业务数据库,对该地区水灾转移脆弱性的分布状况进行了重点研究。并且,利用构建的网络模型,对保险公司的承保决策进行风险防范的应用指导。研究结果表明,长沙市雨花区的投保企业给公司带来的水灾脆弱性整体水平最高,其次是芙蓉区。     

Assessing the impact of the Indian Ocean tsunami on households: a modified domestic assets index approach

This paper offers a potential measurement solution for assessing disaster impacts and subsequent recovery at the household level by using a modified domestic assets index (MDAI) approach. Assessment of the utility of the domestic assets index first proposed by Bates, Killian and Peacock (1984) has been confined to earthquake areas in the Americas and southern Europe. This paper modifies and extends the approach to the Indian sub‐continent and to coastal surge hazards utilizing data collected from 1,000 households impacted by the Indian Ocean tsunami (2004) in the Nagapattinam district of south‐eastern India. The analyses suggest that the MDAI scale is a reliable and valid measure of household living conditions and is useful in assessing disaster impacts and tracking recovery efforts over time. It can facilitate longitudinal studies, encourage cross‐cultural, cross‐national comparisons of disaster impacts and inform national and international donors of the itemized monetary losses from disasters at the household level.     

A study of farmers' flood perceptions based on the entropy method: an application from Jianghan Plain,China

Using survey data from 280 farmers in Jianghan Plain, China, this paper establishes an evaluation index system for three dimensions of farmers' flood perceptions and then uses the entropy method to estimate their overall flood perception. Farmers' flood perceptions exhibit the following characteristics: (i) their flood‐occurrence, flood‐prevention, and overall flood perceptions gradually increase with age, whereas their flood‐effects perception gradually decreases; (ii) their flood‐occurrence and flood‐effects perceptions gradually increase with a higher level of education, whereas their flood‐prevention perception gradually decreases and their overall flood perception shows nonlinear change; (iii) flood‐occurrence, flood‐effects, and overall flood perceptions are higher among farmers who serve in public offices than among those who do not do so; (iv) the flood‐occurrence, flood‐effects, and overall flood perceptions of farmers who work off‐farm are higher than those of farmers who work solely on‐farm, contrary to the flood‐prevention perception; and (v) the flood‐effects and flood‐prevention perceptions of male farmers are lower than those of female farmers, but the flood‐occurrence and overall flood perceptions of male farmers are higher than those of female farmers.     

基于土地利用变化的生态服务价值损益估算--以大庆市为例

土地利用／覆盖变化遥感研究表明，大庆市自1988年以来土地利用状态变化很大，由此引起了该区域生态环境的一系列响应及其生态系统服务价值的变化。以大庆市1988年和2001年的Landsat TM图像解译数据为基础，应用Costanza等人对全球生态系统服务价值的测算方法，分析了该市土地利用变化及其所引起的生态系统服务价值的变化。研究结果表明，13年间，大庆市土地利用的变化损害了该区域生态系统的生态服务功能，使生态系统服务价值损失了20．76％-24．01％。     

水污染灾害的政府监管与企业治污博弈分析——松花江流域案例研究

松花江流域的水质问题日益严峻.2005 年11月发生的松花江重大水污染事件再次表明,加强企业污染防治和强化环境监督管理仍将是今后一段时间水污染防治的重要任务.利用博弈论的纳什均衡分析方法,对污染物排放过程中政府监管与企业污染治理的实际决策行为进行了博弈分析,并对流域水污染防治和水环境保护提出了利用市场手段、加强水环境监管制度等若干建议.     

自然灾害强度的评估方法及应用——基于综合灾情指数的研究

自然灾害造成的损失通常表现在多个方面,为了客观、全面地评估自然灾害,需要综合考虑多种灾情因素,最终才能得到灾害的总体评估结果。综合灾情指数(SDI)是对一系列灾情评价因子进行归一化、加权求和,这样得到的定量化的灾害评估指数,能够综合反映灾情信息。阐述了具有通用性的综合灾情指数,并设计开发了综合灾情指数工具,该工具包括评价因子、设置权重、规范化灾情指数和综合灾情指数4个模块。以汶川地震为例,利用综合灾情指数工具,对地震重灾区的灾害强度进行了综合评估。通过分析评估结果,综合灾情指数的分布真实地反映了受灾的严重程度,显示出该工具具有较好的实用性和有效性。     

The analytical framework of water and armed conflict: a focus on the 2006 Summer War between Israel and Lebanon

This paper develops an analytical framework to investigate the relationship between water and armed conflict, and applies it to the ‘Summer War’ of 2006 between Israel and Lebanon (Hezbollah). The framework broadens and deepens existing classifications by assessing the impact of acts of war as indiscriminate or targeted, and evaluating them in terms of international norms and law, in particular International Humanitarian Law (IHL). In the case at hand, the relationship is characterised by extensive damage in Lebanon to drinking water infrastructure and resources. This is seen as a clear violation of the letter and the spirit of IHL, while the partial destruction of more than 50 public water towers compromises water rights and national development goals. The absence of pre‐war environmental baselines makes it difficult to gauge the impact on water resources, suggesting a role for those with first‐hand knowledge of the hostilities to develop a more effective response before, during, and after armed conflict.     

基于希尔伯特-黄变换的非一致性洪水频率计算方法——以西江大湟江口站为例

西江流域由于大量兴建堤防工程而导致天然河道洪水槽蓄关系发生了改变,进而使得洪水序列失去了一致性。针对西江洪水归槽问题,提出基于希尔伯特-黄变换的非一致性洪水频率计算方法,该方法假设非一致性年最大流量序列由非一致的确定性成分和相对一致的随机性成分两部分组成。将该方法应用于西江大湟江口站,结果表明:(1)1953-2008年最大流量序列经Hurst系数变异分析方法诊断为中变异,说明该序列不满足一致性的要求;(2)同频率同重现期情况下,过去、现状和未来三个时期的最大流量呈增长趋势;(3)Cv在过去(1953年)、现状(2008年)和未来(2015年)三个时期的评价结果为:0.334、0.257、0.25,呈减小趋势,说明年最大流量在多年情况下变化浮动减弱,洪峰流量趋于稳定波动。(4)浔江堤防大湟江口站现有堤坝的防洪标准在过去能达到10年一遇的防洪标准,但现状和未来达不到10 a一遇的要求;(5)典型洪水重现期呈逐年缩短的趋势;(6)相同区间范围内的洪水,过去、现状和未来条件下的洪水发生的概率呈增加趋势。     

基于GIS技术的洪涝灾害风险评估与区划研究--以辽河中下游地区为例

目前,对洪涝灾害风险的评价方法虽然不少,但还没有能提出一个集成化的指数来对其进行分析.综合考虑了形成我国东北地区洪涝灾害风险的4个因子,以辽河中下游地区为研究对象,基于GIS技术和自然灾害风险评估方法,从气象学、地理学、灾害科学、环境科学等学科观点出发,提出了洪涝灾害风险指数,用其来评估不同县相关损失风险及各因子对风险的贡献,并绘制出了辽河中下游洪涝灾害风险区划图.