硝基含能材料撞击感度的预测研究进展

简要回顾了国内外硝基含能材料撞击感度预测研究的发展状况,介绍了硝基含能材料撞击感度的预测方法,并对各类方法的优缺点以及适用性作了分析和讨论。着重对定量结构-性质相关性研究(QSPR)在撞击感度预测领域的应用与发展作了介绍,对样本集设计、描述符的筛选以及建模方法的选择作了分析与探讨。展望了含能材料撞击感度的预测研究的前景与发展方向。     

淮安市组织开展化学品热分解检测分析工作

淮安市应急管理局近日出台《关于对化学品进行热分解检测分析的通知》,对含硝基化合物、过氧化合物、叠氮化合物等易分解化学品及危险废物(以下简称易分解危险物质)进行热分解检测分析工作进行了布置。     

有机过氧化物的热危险性辨识研究

运用Gaussian 98量子化学程序包中考虑了电子相关性的密度泛函理论(DFT)的B3LYP方法,在6-311+G(3df)水平上根据分子结构与化学键的关系,计算得到了过氧化苯甲酰和过氧化甲乙酮两种有机过氧化物分解反应的反应物、中间物和产物的总能量数据,求出这两种有机过氧化物分解反应的最大反应热,应用CHETAH程序中最大分解热的判断标准预测这两种有机过氧化物的热危险性均为中等。同时使用绝热加速量热技术对这两种有机过氧化物的热危险性进行分析,通过绝热温升、自加速分解温度、单位质量产生的压力等参数可以得出,两种有机过氧化物的热危险性均为中等。这两种方法可以互为验证,用来作为辨识有机过氧化物的热危险性的依据。     

聚叠氮缩水甘油醚嵌段聚叠氮乙酸乙烯酯的合成及热稳定性研究

以聚叠氮缩水甘油醚(GAP)和4,4'-偶氮(4-氰基戊酸)(ACVA)为原料合成大分子引发剂(MI-GAP),用其引发氯乙酸乙烯酯自由基聚合,得到聚叠氮缩水甘油醚嵌段聚氯乙酸乙烯酯(GAP-bPVCA),最后将其叠氮化得到含能聚合物——聚叠氮缩水甘油醚嵌段聚叠氮乙酸乙烯酯(GAP-b-PVAA)。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、紫外-可见光谱(UV-Vis)、核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)对GAPb-PVAA的结构进行了表征。利用差热分析(DTA)、热重分析(TG)和微分热重分析(DTG)对GAP-b-PVAA的热稳定性进行了研究。结果表明,GAP-b-PVAA在空气中200℃未见分解;GAP-b-PVAA具有两个热失重过程,其中最大质量损失发生在228~243℃范围内,失重率为68.74%。GAP-b-PVAA热分解动力学参数由不同升温速率下的DTA表征数据,通过Kissinger方法和Ozawa方法计算得到,两种方法得到的表观活化能Ea数值相近,表明GAP-b-PVAA热稳定性良好,有望用于熔铸炸药中作为一种含能黏结剂。     

氯化钠和二氧化硅对过硫酸铵热稳定性的影响

采用绝热加速量热仪（ARC）对分析纯过硫酸铵、含10%氯化钠杂质的过硫酸铵以及含10%二氧化硅杂质的过硫酸铵进行热分析实验,得到了实验过程中温度、温升速率和压力等数据,计算了3组样品的反应动力学参数,引入热惰性因子对实验数据进行修正,得到了3组样品在严格绝热条件下的热危险性参数,分析了3组样品的反应过程和热危险性。通过Semenov理论计算了3组样品的自加速分解温度（SADT）。结果表明,过硫酸铵加入氯化钠或二氧化硅杂质后,热危险性增大,自加速分解温度降低,更容易发生反应且反应更剧烈。     

CTMAB改性沸石及其对对硝基苯酚吸附效果的研究

为提高沸石对水体中有机污染物的吸附效果,采用酸热活化-十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)改性沸石,研究了改性沸石吸附对硝基苯酚的能力,探讨了改性条件对沸石吸附能力的影响和改性沸石吸附对硝基苯酚的适宜条件.结果表明,改性溶液中CTMAB的量低于沸石阳离子交换量时,沸石负载表面活性剂的量越大,所得到的有机沸石对对硝基苯酚的吸附能力越强; 改性溶液pH值增大,所获得的有机沸石吸附对硝基苯酚的能力也增强.CTMAB溶液的质量分数为1.1%,改性时间为2 h所制备的有机沸石对对硝基苯酚有较高的去除率.在利用已制备的有机沸石处理污水中对硝基苯酚的实际应用中,有机沸石投加量为25 g/L,对硝基苯酚溶液在pH值为6,振荡50 min的条件下,有机沸石对对硝基苯酚的去除率可达98.3%.     

化学品活性反应危险性表征方法研究

通过对国内外典型活性化学反应事故的研究,在传统和通用的化学反应危险性评价表征方法的基础上,提出使用化学反应的最大功密度表征化学反应热危险性的新方法。该方法将化学反应的热力学参数和动力学参数相结合,全面表征了反应过程的热危险性。采用加速量热仪模拟硝酸铵、过氧化氢,以及多种有机过氧化物的绝热反应放热情况,并运用测得的参数,计算得到其最大功密度,并与传统动力学计算方法得到的结果进行比较。根据对实验和计算结果的分析证明:利用最大功密度的方法评价化学反应的危险性更符合化学反应的实际情况,该方法为化学品安全生产提供可靠的技术支持。     

芳香族硝基化合物爆速的定量构效关系预测

为提高芳香族硝基化合物爆速的预测精度,提出基于定量结构-性质相关性(QSPR)的芳香族硝基化合物爆速的理论预测方法。应用Dragon软件计算21种芳香族硝基化合物的分子描述符,利用遗传-多元线性回归方法(GA-MLR)从大量描述符中筛选出4个与爆速关系最为密切的分子描述符,建立相应的4参数线性理论预测模型,并采用内部和外部验证方式,验证模型的拟合能力、稳健性和预测能力。结果表明:训练集和测试集的平均绝对误差(AAE)分别为0.048和0.208km/s,均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.058和0.302 km/s,所建模型具有较好的稳健性和预测性能。     

一种化学物质的热危险性研究

以某一化学物质(ANPyO)为例,探讨了化学物质热危险性分析方法和步骤:建议首先从化学结构上对物质进行初步分析,然后根据化学结构进行理论计算预测,最后在前面研究的基础上,选择和确定采用合适的,比如:DSC/TG、ARC等小药量实验方法,研究化学物质的热危险性.对于ANPyO,通过分子结构可知其为多硝基多氨基芳烃,是具有潜在的燃烧、爆炸危险的活性化学物质.理论计算预测其属于高危险性物质.对其进行DSC/TG、ARC实验,得到绝热分解反应的热力学和动力学参数,自加速分解温度( TSADT)为199℃,热分解开始温度为310.0℃,最大反应速度出现在系统温度771.5℃时,自热分解开始到最大反应速度的时间为23.5min.文中研究可为该化学物质生产、使用和储运安全提供参考.     

热爆炸研究的主题聚类、趋势与影响

为全面认识国际热爆炸研究的主题聚类、趋势与影响,使用科技文本挖掘工具VOSviewer对科睿唯安SCI数据库中的1 415篇热爆炸研究论文进行了分析。结果表明:国际热爆炸研究的热点主要分布在燃烧合成、分解、点火、晶体结构、含能材料等方面;以高频关键词为中心形成了5个主要聚类,分别为热爆炸理论基础、热合成、热分解、热行为及含能材料与晶体结构。主题趋势显示热爆炸研究在整体上首先经历了热爆炸理论基础研究,并渗透到了热合成、热分解、热行为和含能材料与晶体结构等方面,高影响主题集中在热合成和热分解两个领域。热合成研究的高影响主题相比其他领域要更加显著,高影响主题涉及传播、镍铝化物、钛镍、铝、碳化及致密化等方面。相比而言,作为热爆炸研究的基础领域,热爆炸理论研究的热度及对应聚类主题的整体引用次数要显著低于目前活跃的领域。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。