Double catholyte electrochemical approach for preparing ferratealuminum：a compound oxidant—coagulant for water purification

Ferrate is an excellent water treatment agent for its multi-functions in oxidation,disinfection,coagulation and adsorption,but its coagulation ability depends on its dosage and is after its oxidation.This paper focuses on preparing a new kind of ferrate combined with alum to enhance its coagulation function for water purification.An effective electrolysis reactor was designed and employed in the test.Some key parameters in the process of electrolysis concerning the prepar\ation efficiency,such as the current density,temperature and alkalinity were also investigated.The proper conditions for ferrate-alum preparation were determined.Under the condition of 5V given voltage,6h electrolyzing interval,below 2% alum concentration (in weight),a combined liquid ferrate-alum products was successfully prepared,which contained 0.0294 mol/L FeO4^2- and 0.0302 mol/L total soluble ferron with 2% Al2O3.There was no insoluble ferron produced by controlling an optimum electrochemical condition.     

Double catholyte electrochemical approach for preparing ferrate-aluminum: a compound dxidant-coagulant for water purification

Ferrate is an excellent water treatment agent for its multi-functions in oxidation, disinfection, coagulation and adsorption, but its coagulation ability depends on its dosage and is after its oxidation. This paper focuses on preparing a new kind of ferrate combined with alum to enhance its coagulation function for water purification. An effective electrolysis reactor was designed and employed in the test. Some key parameters in the process of electrolysis concerning the preparation efficiency, such as the current density, temperature and alkalinity were also investigated. The proper conditions for ferrate-alum preparation were determined. In the condition of 5V given voltage, 6h electrolyzing interval, below 2% alum concentration (in weight), a combined liquid ferrate-alum products was successfully prepared, which contained 0.0294 mol/L FeO_{4/sub>^2-, 0.0302 mol/L total soluble ferron with 2% Al2O3. There was no insoluble ferron produced by controlling an optimum electrochemical condition.}     

Degradation of chlorobenzuron in water and metabolism in fish

The degradation of pesticide 1-(2-chlorobenzoyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)urea(CCU)in water and its accumulation and metabolism in fish were studied using HPLC method．The results of acute toxicity of both CCU and its naetabolites were also reported．The research demonstrated that CCU degraded quickly in aerobic aquatic environment and primary metabolites of CCU were 4-chlorophenyl urea and orthochlorobenzoic acid．Microorganisms play an important role for the degradation of CCU in water．Both the parents compound and its metabolites were not lethal to fish in tested concentration．The accumulation of CCU in fish was sunilar to that of dillubenzuron．The esterase in fish liver which could metabolized CCU was identified．The primary enzymatic degradation products of CCU is the same as that in water．     

Performance of pond–wetland complexes as a preliminary processor of drinking water sources

Shijiuyang Constructed Wetland(110 hm~2) is a drinking water source treatment wetland with primary structural units of ponds and plant-bed/ditch systems. The wetland can process about 250,000 tonnes of source water in the Xincheng River every day and supplies raw water for Shijiuyang Drinking Water Plant. Daily data for 28 months indicated that the major water quality indexes of source water had been improved by one grade. The percentage increase for dissolved oxygen and the removal rates of ammonia nitrogen, iron and manganese were 73.63%, 38.86%, 35.64%, and 22.14% respectively. The treatment performance weight of ponds and plant-bed/ditch systems was roughly equal but they treated different pollutants preferentially. Most water quality indexes had better treatment efficacy with increasing temperature and inlet concentrations. These results revealed that the pond–wetland complexes exhibited strong buffering capacity for source water quality improvement. The treatment cost of Shijiuyang Drinking Water Plant was reduced by about 30.3%. Regional rainfall significantly determined the external river water levels and adversely deteriorated the inlet water quality, thus suggesting that the "hidden" diffuse pollution in the multitudinous stream branches as well as their catchments should be the controlling emphases for river source water protection in the future. The combination of pond and plant-bed/ditch systems provides a successful paradigm for drinking water source pretreatment. Three other drinking water source treatment wetlands with ponds and plant-bed/ditch systems are in operation or construction in the stream networks of the Yangtze River Delta and more people will be benefited.     

A retrospective survey on the effect of Kaschin-Beck disease prophylaxis by a change of water sources

In order to provide further references for studing on the causes of Kaschin-Beck discase (KBD) and measuring for its prevention and treatment from a macroscopic view, we analyzed the natural growth and declineof KBD and the effects of selenium and humic acid on its occurrence from an epidemiologic angle. In this article through a retrospective survey on the spots of disease areas by comparison between a change in water sources and that without. It was proved that a change in water sources was an effective measure for the prevention of KBD occurrence, and the pathogenic factor of KBD was one (or several kinds) of organic compounds or active radicals related to water.     

Prediction of the concentration of chlorophyll-a for Liuhai urban lakes in Beijing City

The weekly water quality monitor data of Liuhai lakes between April 2003 and November 2004 in Beijing City were used as an example to build an artificial neural networks （ANN） model and a multi-varieties regression model respectively for predicting the fresh water algae bloom. The different predicted abilities of the two methods in Liuhai lakes were compared. A principle analysis method was first used to select the input variables of the models to avoid the phenomenon of collinearity in the data. The results showed that the input variables for the artificial neural networks were T, TP, transparency（SD）, DO, chlorophyll-a （Chl-a）,pH and the output variable was Chl-a. A three layer Levenberg-Marguardt feed forward leaming algorithm in ANN was used to model the eutrophication process of Liuhai lakes. 20 nodes in hidden layer and 1 node of output for the ANN model had been optimized by trial and error method. A sensitivity analysis of the input variables was performed to evaluate their relative significance in determining the predicted values. The correlation coefficient between predicted value and observed value in all data and in test data were 0.717 and 0.816 respectively in the artificial neural networks. The stepwise regression method was used to simulate the linear relation between Chl-a and temperature, of which the correlation coefficient was 0.213. By comparing the results of the two models, it was found that neural network models were able to simulate non-linear behavior in the water eutrophication process of Liuhai lakes reasonably and could successfully estimate some extreme values from calibration and test data sets.     

Natural organic matter quantification in the waters of a semiarid freshwater wetland (Tablas de Daimiel, Spain)

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) concentrations have been measured in the waters of a semiarid freshwater wetland, the Tablas de Daimiel, Spain, when the system-characterised by variable hydroperiodicity conditions, was completely flooded (February 2011). Fluxes of DOM from the wetland soils to the overlying waters were measured by using a passive diffusion sampler (peeper). Not only dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations were measured but refractory organic matter (ROM, usually known as humic substances) was also quantified using a novel voltammetric method. Fluorescence spectra were recorded to help in selecting the appropriate standard for ROM quantification, test the homogeneity of DOM in the waters and get an indication of their source. The results obtained show a 7-fold increase in measured ROM concentrations from the Gigu¨ela River to the outlet, which points to a net exportation of ROM from the wetland and to the existence of an internal source of ROM in the system, probably diffusion from the wetland soils. This hypothesis is confirmed by the flux of ROM from the soils to the water column measured with the peeper and by the common fluorescence characteristics of column and interstitial waters. The smaller increase in DOC concentrations along the wetland, in spite of the higher DOC fluxes from soils, suggests that there is significant turnover of organic carbon (OC) in the water column. The system acts as a major carbon sink but, when flooded, exports OC as DOM.     

Renovated water reuse for rapid infiltration system

The renovated water in the rapid infiltration system (RI) as area for fish and duck farming is feasible. The flesh of fish and duck is edible. The farming of fish for 5 months and duck for 120 - 130 days can be accepted. It is beneficial to environment and economy, especially in developing countries. The production of fish and duck can make up for the cost of wastewater treatment.     

Function of anaerobic portion in a conventional sequencing batch reactor

The performance of SBRs treating two kinds of wastewater(synthetic wastewater containing polyvinyl alcohol and effluent from a coke-plant wastewater treatment system)was investigated in this study,in order to examine the exact function of anaerobic portion in a conventional SBR.The set up of 4-or 8-hour anaerobic mixing period in a SBR's cycle did not benefit for PVA degradation.While an anaerobic reactor seeded with anaerobic sludge could partly hydrolyse and acidify PVA into readily-degradable intermediates.During the anaerobic fill period of an SBR treating the effluent from a coke-plant wastewater treatment system,the organic concentration was reduced to certain extent due to the adsorption of activated sludge and dilution of the mixed liquor from the previous cycle.Parts of readily-degradable organics in the influent were utilised by denitrifiers as carbon source.The biomass in a conventional SBR was alternatively imposed to aerobic and anaerobic conditions in its operating cycle,the environmental conditions needed for anaerobic hydrolization and acidification of refractory organics could not occur in such an SBR.     

Embedded reservoir and constructed wetland for drinking water source protection: Effects on nutrient removal and phytoplankton succession

An embedded reservoir that provides an efficient nutrient removal system protects drinking water.However,embedded reservoirs are rarely used in eutrophic shallow lakes because of their undetermined nutrient retention efficiency and unknown effects by the phytoplankton community.In this study,we aim to investigate the nutrient retention and algae succession in an embedded reservoir and adjacent wetland from April 2017 to September 2018 in the eastern part of Lake Taihu,China.More than 40% of total phosphorus(TP) and 45% of particulate phosphorous entering the reservoir were retained semiannually,and the highest TP removal efficiency was achieved in the reservoir during autumn with an average value of 53.3% ± 9.9%.The overall nitrogen retention efficiency(21.7% ± 37.8%) was lower than that of TP(41.8% ± 27.8%).Similar trends were obtained in the wetland area.An important pathway for phosphorus removal is through particulate matter retention.Our study revealed that nutrient retention mechanisms in the reservoir were primarily via macrophyte absorption,particulate substance sedimentation,and prolonged water residence time.Consequently,the phytoplankton biomass(Chl-a) in the reservoir decreased(from 48.0 to 25.2 μg/L) and water transparency improved,due to the decreased P level and transformation of the phytoplankton group into simple structures with good ecological status.Therefore,the combination of embedded reservoir and constructed wetland ecosystem can be used successfully to protect surface water.The results will be advantageous to groups seeking to preserve drinking water sources.     

成都市活水公园人工湿地塘床系统的生物群落

活水公园人工湿地塘床系统栽培有菖蒲、芦苇、茭白、香蒲、伞草、马蹄莲、凤眼莲、浮萍、睡莲等近30种适合本地人工湿地塘床系统种植的湿地植物，并由此形成含有高、低等生物的生物群落，与系统各湿地单元共同构成了较为完整的具有净化污水功能的生态滤池。     

凤眼莲在城市重污染河道修复中的应用

外港河是秦淮河重要支流，长期以来遭受严重污染。2006年4月份起对外港河进行了综合生态治理。在前期清淤和截污的基础上，7月份开始引种凤眼莲。在上游排污口附近和外港河河口段分别设置的4个生态区以及河面上布设的水面载体内全面放养以凤眼莲为主的浮水植物。经过5个多月的初步治理，外港河水体透明度从40cm以下提高到120cm左右，COD下降了70．4％，TSS、TN和NH3-N分别下降了39．6％、49．7％和21．8％。结果证明，凤眼莲在净化严重污染的河道方面起到了良好的效果，引种凤眼莲治理城市重污染河道是切实可行的；此外，用PVC管设计制作的水面载体来放养浮水植物可以点缀水面环境，美化城市河道景观。     

不同水域凤眼莲厌氧发酵产甲烷研究

采集滇池白山湾、滇池草海、太湖(武进段水域)以及江苏省农科院2号塘生长的凤眼莲,进行了批式厌氧发酵对比试验研究.结果发现,凤眼莲的产气潜力和水体氮磷水平有关系.水体氮磷浓度最高的滇池草海凤眼莲产气量最高,为390mL/gTS(498mL/gVS);水质最好的滇池白山湾的凤眼莲产气量最低,为289mL/gTS(334mL/gVS).白山湾凤眼莲的纤维素、半纤维素和粗蛋白等组分的降解率均最低.4个水体凤眼莲产生的有机酸均以乙酸和丙酸为主,草海凤眼莲发酵产生的有机酸浓度最高,可达2466mg/L,白山湾凤眼莲最低,仅为915mg/L.研究发现水体氮、磷浓度影响凤眼莲化学组分含量的差异及结构组成(根冠比),可能是影响凤眼莲厌氧生物降解性能及产气量差异的主要因素.     

城市干污泥与水葫芦的混燃特性分析

对广州城市干污泥与水葫芦的单一及混合样进行了热重实验,通过TG-DTG曲线计算了不同焚烧条件下其混燃特性指数,建立了其掺烧的动力学方程.结果表明,污泥单独燃烧曲线分为水分析出、挥发分的析出和燃烧、次挥发分及固定碳的燃尽、残留物的燃烧和分解4个过程,其中,挥发分的析出和燃烧是污泥燃烧的主要控制阶段;水葫芦的燃烧则分为水分析出、挥发分析出燃烧、固定碳燃烧、残留物质的燃烧和分解.污泥添加10%~40%水葫芦后,其燃烧性能得到改善,其中,着火点Ti有所升高,挥发特性指数D及综合燃烧特性指数S分别增加了0.22~1.06、0.10~0.92倍.随着水葫芦的添加量增加,污泥挥发分析出及燃烧更加激烈,污泥和水葫芦混燃过程中出现较强的协同交互作用.相对于空气气氛,在富氧(V(CO2)/V(O2)=8/2)条件下,混合试样的燃烧受到抑制.采用积分法(Coats-Redfern方程)计算得到污泥的质量平均表观活化能(Em)在32.09~34.70 k J·mol-1之间,水葫芦的Em在30.56~51.63 k J·mol-1之间,而混合试样的Em在22.44~28.40 k J·mol-1之间,污泥与水葫芦混燃其Em有所降低,与燃烧特性指数的增加是相对应的.第一挥发分峰前取n=0.5、第一挥发分峰后及其他峰取n=2可描述各燃烧阶段的反应机理.     

凤眼莲加速水溶液中马拉硫磷降解

研究了凤眼莲对水溶液中马拉硫磷降解作用的效果及凤眼莲修复马拉硫磷污染水体的主要机理.结果表明,10～11g凤眼莲可将250mL的10mg/L马拉硫磷的降解速度提高160%.其修复机理主要是凤眼莲吸收马拉硫磷后在体内进一步降解,贡献率可达56%,微生物降解的贡献率占9%.     

垂直流人工湿地水力学特点对污水净化效果的影响

通过在污水中加入示踪剂,研究了人工湿地的水力学特点及其对污水净化效果的影响规律.结果表明,影响水力学各特点的主要原因是湿地植物根系所造成的物理学和生物学上的效应.水力学各特点与污水净化效果之间存在着密切关系:出水快、出水量大的系统具有较好的净化效果;除无植物系统外,停留时间较长的系统有较好的净化效果;容水体积大的系统净化效果也较好;水力负荷则主要通过影响其他各水力学特点而影响净化效果.结果表明,对水力学特点的优化将极大地促进污水净化效果的提高.     

芦苇湿地系统对鸭粪废水中COD的模拟去除及纳污量核算

通过原状芦苇土柱灌溉鸭粪废水的室内模拟试验,探讨了芦苇湿地系统对鸭粪废水中COD的净化规律,并估算了芦苇湿地系统对COD的最大纳污量.结果表明,不同浓度的养鸭废水对芦苇的生物量影响不同,低、中、高浓度处理下芦苇生物量分别较对照增长36.1%、24.4%、24.3%;不同时期湿地系统对COD的净化效果不同,生长期要明显好于抽穗期和开花期;同一时期不同浓度处理条件下芦苇湿地系统对COD的净化效果亦存在明显差异,高浓度处理下湿地系统对废水中COD的去除率明显高于低浓度和中浓度处理.芦苇湿地系统对鸭粪废水中COD的净化可以用指数方程表示,而且在相同进水浓度下,降解常数(k)与温度成线性关系.高浓度处理条件下,估算出白洋淀芦苇湿地系统对COD的最大纳污量约为26629t·a-1.     

两段式沸石多级土壤渗滤系统强化脱氮试验

针对两段式沸石多级土壤渗滤系统(MSL)第2段(缺氧段)反硝化不足的问题,采取分段进水的方式,探讨处理生活污水和受污染河流时,MSL系统的强化脱氮效果.结果表明,在分段进水后,MSL系统TN平均去除率提高26%,缺氧段反硝化能力明显提高,但仍存在最终出水NO3--N平均去除率为负值的问题.进一步将进水C/N从0.8增加到2.5后,MSL系统TN去除率从53.7%上升到89.4%,说明适宜的进水C/N是决定MSL系统氮去除能力的因素之一.分段进水对MSL系统有机物和磷的去除效果无明显影响.     

表面活性剂强化超声波-离子液体预处理对水葫芦酶解的影响

为探讨表面活性剂对超声波-离子液体(US-IL)预处理木质纤维素的影响,本试验采用十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)强化US-IL对水葫芦进行预处理,通过酶解、组成成分、表面形貌、结晶度以及化学结构的变化对预处理效果进行考察.结果显示,与未添加SDS相比,超声波-离子液体-十二烷基硫酸钠(US-IL-SDS)预处理能够有效降低纤维素的结晶度并去除木质素,酶解还原糖产量、纤维转化率及其脱木率分别提高72.23%、58.74%及21.01%.并且,SEM、XRD以及FTIR结果也表明SDS能够促进US-IL对水葫芦结构的破坏.因此,将SDS运用于辅助US-IL预处理木质纤维素具有一定可行性和良好的运用前景.     

水葫芦修复富营养化湖泊水体区域内外底栖动物群落特征

于2010年8~10月对滇池白山湾人工控制性种养的约70hm2的水葫芦区、近水葫芦区和远水葫芦区采样分析,探讨了水葫芦种养工程区域内外底栖动物群落结构特征.结果表明,在水葫芦区、近水葫芦区及远水葫芦区,底栖动物总密度分别为294.5,159,261ind/m2,其中寡毛类的霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)为绝对优势种,分别占各自区域总密度的68.3%,59.6%和86.0%.逐步回归分析显示,水体总磷(TP)和底泥非稳定态磷(Labile-P)与霍甫水丝蚓密度呈显著性正相关(P < 0.01),表明霍甫水丝蚓对水体的富营养状况有很好的指示作用.水葫芦区物种组成及生物多样性指数均高于近水葫芦区和远水葫芦区(P < 0.05),在水葫芦区、近水葫芦区和远水葫芦区分别共采集到底栖动物14种、10种和6种;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分别为1.10,0.57和0.54.种植水葫芦后,在水葫芦区及近水葫芦区,10月份的Margalef、Shannon-Wiener、Simpson和Peilou指数较8月份和9月份有显著性增加(P < 0.05),而远水葫芦区,却未出现类似的结果.一定面积控制性种养水葫芦对大型富营养化湖湾水体无脊椎底栖动物群落结构未表现出不利影响.