“新法”实施 你准备好了吗?

《循环经济促进法》已于2009年1月1日正式实施。日前,安徽省十届人大常委会委员、安徽大学法学院教授华国庆在接受本刊记者专访时,详细阐述了该法的立法宗旨、特点以及不足之处。     

高温堆肥法处理污泥的探讨

对于污水处理后所产生的污泥,较好的方法是采用无害化、资源化农用技术,利用污泥为原料,制成有机复合肥,不仅解决了污水污泥的处理问题,还可推动环保产业的发展,促进农业生产,具有明显的经济、社会和环境效益。     

Manure sampling for nutrient analysis: variability and sampling efficacy

Reliable estimation of nutrient concentrations is required to manage animal manure for protecting waters while sustaining crop production. This study was conducted to investigate sample variability and reliable nutrient analysis for several manure types and handling systems. Serial samples were collected from dairy, swine, and broiler poultry operations while manure was being loaded onto hauler tanks or spreaders for field application. Samples were analyzed for total solids (TS), total nitrogen (N), ammoniacal nitrogen (NH4-N), total phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). The least number of samples needed for reliable testing of total N and P, defined as +/- 10% of the experimental means with 99% probability, was obtained for each farm using a computer-intensive random resampling technique. Sample variability within farms, expressed as the coefficient of variation (CV), was mostly 6 to 8% for farms that used agitation of manure storages but several times higher (20-30%) on farms where no agitation was applied during the sampling period. Results from the random resampling procedure indicated that for farms that used agitation, three to five samples were adequate for a representative composite for reliable testing of total N and P; whereas for farms without agitation, at least 40 samples would be required. Data also suggest that using book values for manure nutrient estimations could be problematic because the discrepancies between book standards and measured farm data varied widely from a small amount to several fold.     

塑封SIP集成模块封装可靠性分析

塑封器件具有体积小、成本低的优点,逐步替代气密性封装器件,广泛地应用于我国军用产品中。军用塑封SIP(System In Package)产品集成度高、结构复杂、可靠性要求高等特点,对塑封工艺带来了挑战,目前国内工业级塑封产品不能完全满足军用可靠性要求,工业级塑封产品常在严酷的环境应力试验下表现出失效。本文针对工业级塑封SIP器件在可靠性试验过程中出现的失效现象进行分析研究,通过超声检测、芯片切面分析等手段,结合产品应力试验结果,分析导致塑封产品失效的关键原因,并针对失效机理提出优化改进方案。     

有机肥结构特征对污染土壤Cd形态的影响

研究了以污泥和鸡粪为主要来源的两种不同有机肥主要组分和结构特征差异,结合吸附和土壤平衡试验,探讨了各组分对Cd吸附反应特征和土壤Cd形态分布的影响。结果表明:供试污泥有机肥含有较多的羧基,其最大络合量大于鸡厩肥;同时能更有效降低NH4NO3提取态Cd,但因为结合形态相对不稳定,因此导致EDTA提取态Cd有明显增加。而鸡厩有机肥含有更多π键,芳香化和腐熟化程度较高,与Cd吸附更稳定,在降低NH4NO3提取态Cd的同时也能降低EDTA提取态Cd。研究表明有机肥腐殖化、芳香化程度是影响其对重金属污染土壤修复与改良效果的主要因素。     

环境保护的国家意志

环境保护的国家意志是指国家最高权力系统关于环境保护的政治意愿和行动部署的集合，包括了“国家意愿”和“国家行动”两个方面。实现环境保护历史性转变需要强大的国家意志，因为历史性转变所强调的三个对策——提高环境保护意愿、改善经济增长方式和加强环境监管都需要国家的强力行动。强化环境保护的国家意志也是强化环境保护的国家在环境保护中的责任和行动。因此，解决我国环境问题的重点突破口是在国家层面。     

Impediments to Integrated Urban Stormwater Management: The Need for Institutional Reform

It is now well established that the traditional practice of urban stormwater management contributes to the degradation of receiving waterways, and this practice was more recently critiqued for facilitating the wastage of a valuable water resource. However, despite significant advances in alternative “integrated urban stormwater management” techniques and processes over the last 20 years, wide-scale implementation has been limited. This problem is indicative of broader institutional impediments that are beyond current concerns of strengthening technological and planning process expertise. Presented here is an analysis of the institutionalization of urban stormwater management across Sydney with the objective of scoping institutional impediments to more sustainable management approaches. The analysis reveals that the inertia with the public administration of urban stormwater inherently privileges and perpetuates traditional stormwater management practices at implementation. This inertia is characterized by historically entrained forms of technocratic institutional power and expertise, values and leadership, and structure and jurisdiction posing significant impediments to change and the realization of integrated urban stormwater management. These insights strongly point to the need for institutional change specifically directed at fostering horizontal integration of the various functions of the existing administrative regime. This would need to be underpinned with capacity-building interventions targeted at enabling a learning culture that values integration and participatory decision making. These insights also provide guideposts for assessing the institutional and capacity development needs for improving urban water management practices in other contexts.