中海油大亚湾炼厂发生火灾事故

7月11日4时10分,广东惠州大亚湾石化区中海石油炼化装置发生火灾事故,大火持续13小时,火势一度达到8层楼高。大亚湾管委会对记者通报表示,该事故属中海油惠州炼油分公司运行三部400单元的重整生成油塔底泵机械密封泄漏着火,事故中暂未收到人员伤亡报告,也未发生油品外溢事故,目前厂区内各套环保设施运转正常。     

跨江桥梁项目环境风险概率计算及影响因素分析

跨江大桥项目由于存在对跨越水体水环境影响的特征,故而应该就风险概率的限制因素进行深入的分析.跨江桥梁对项目区域水环境风险产生的最大可信事故是危化品在跨越水体时发生事故进而产生侧翻、坠河、泄露等引起的对水环境的影响,本次研究在对项目区域交通事故基础数据统计的基础上,计算得到了具有代表性的事故概率基数,并在综合考虑了车型比、道路线形特征、事故区域及形态比例、防护措施等各项限制因素的情况下,计算出了大桥项目发生最大可信事故的概率.     

健全福州港船舶溢油防治体系的对策

根据我国履行《90年国际油污防备、反应和合作公约》(OPRC公约)的要求,对福州港溢油事故概率及不同规模溢油量发生概率定量计算分析,运用概率与数理统计方法计算出福州港发生溢油事故的概率基础值,并针对福州港的实际情况,提出风险防范措施。     

炼化企业可燃介质泄漏初探

可燃介质泄漏是炼化企业的重要风险源,是发生火灾爆炸事故的最主要因素。通过对泄漏的分析和阐述,防治措施的理解和运用,根据炼化企业生产特点,探索可燃介质泄漏特点及危害性,并提出如何防止泄漏以及泄漏后应采取的防护措施,达到防止可燃介质工业泄漏,保障安全生产的目的。     

炼油化工机械设备耐腐蚀的动态可靠性分析

研究炼油化工机械设备耐腐蚀锈层动态可靠性特征,获得炼油化工机械的耐腐蚀性规律是至关重要的。提出一种基于交流阻抗谱特征提取的动态可靠性分析方法,采用X射线衍射仪和扫描电镜进行炼油化工机械设备的腐蚀行为和锈层特征信息采集,并用交流阻抗谱的差异性检测方法进行参数辨识,扫描电镜观测腐蚀的动态特征,实现炼油化工机械设备耐腐蚀的动态可靠性分析。该方法能动态模拟炼油化工机械设备耐腐蚀规律性,分析结果可靠稳定。     

炼油污水处理中污泥膨胀与生产调控

针对炼油污水生化处理过程中常见的污泥膨胀问题,通过对A/O单元发生的丝状菌污泥膨胀现象、危害及原因进行深入研究分析,抓住引起污泥膨胀发生的关键要素为:气浮单元运行不当,营养比例失衡,污泥回流比不当,运行设备故障。在生产实践中采取一系列探索性的调控措施:应急处理,源头控制,污泥调理,维修更新设备和设施。有效控制了污泥膨胀,为炼油污水处理污泥膨胀的实际调控提供了切实可行的依据和指导。     

基于事故树理论改进蒙德法在联合站安全评价中的应用

针对传统蒙德法在建议系数的选取上存在取值差异性、主观影响性大等问题,提出基于事故树理论改进蒙德法评价模型。该模型利用事故树理论方法得出各基础事件结构重要度,为建议系数的取值提供可靠依据,同时增加了设备修正系数F_E、同类设备失效概率系数F_G、管理系数F_M和毒性种类系数F_T4个修正系数。文章以联合站原油罐区单元为例,对其安全指标进行定量计算。结果表明,基于事故树理论改进蒙德法与传统蒙德法相比具有更好的客观性与实际操作性,对保障企业安全生产有一定的指导意义。     

涉水油田储罐溢油风险量化评估技术研究

文章分析了储罐溢油发生的事故原因、影响机制,通过细化影响因子,整合数据模型,从涉水油田储罐溢油频率、环境受体影响、溢油泄漏后果、溢油风险等级等方面构建了储罐溢油风险模型,通过实际运算案例对方法进行验证,提出熟练运用模型,夯实基础信息强化体系管理,加强人员培训提升安全意识等强化储罐 溢油风险管理的建议。通过评估潜在风险,有助于各涉水油田企业、港口码头、海事部门、应急部门采取相应风险管控措施,减少事故发生的可能性,提升安全生产管理水平、保护生态环境。     

非法炼油活动存在的原因及其危害

近年来随着成品油价格的不断上涨,大庆油田及其周边地区不少不法分子在利益驱动下,利用简易的土法炼制设备从事非法炼油活动。为了更加有效地依法治理非法炼油活动,大庆油田对其存在的原因及危害进行了分析与探讨,并采取了有效措施,达到了环境与效益双赢的目的。     

物流企业碳风险管理机制研究

全球气候变化对世界各国产生从市场需求到监管政策等涉及碳足迹方面的影响,给企业带来了机遇和风险,迫使企业越来越重视碳风险管理。从碳风险定义出发,按照碳风险识别、碳风险评估与计量、碳风险应对、碳风险后评价等流程环节对物流企业碳风险管理机制进行研究,并对某企业进行案例分析。     

Projected Changes in Discharge in an Agricultural Watershed in Iowa

Our improved capability to adapt to the future changes in discharge is linked to our capability to predict the magnitude or at least the direction of these changes. For the agricultural United States Midwest, too much or too little water has severe socioeconomic impacts. Here, we focus on the Raccoon River at Van Meter, Iowa, and use a statistical approach to examine projected changes in discharge. We build on statistical models using rainfall and harvested corn and soybean acreage to explain the observed discharge variability. We then use projections of these two predictors to examine the projected discharge response. Results are based on seven global climate models part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and two representative concentration pathways (RCPs 4.5 and 8.5). There is not a strong signal of change in the discharge projections under the RCP 4.5. However, the results for the RCP 8.5 point to a stronger changing signal related to larger projected increases in rainfall, resulting in increased trends, in particular, in the upper part of the discharge distribution (i.e., 60th percentile and above). Examination of two hypothetical agricultural scenarios indicates that these increasing trends could be alleviated by decreasing the extent of the agricultural production. We also discuss how the methodology presented in this study represents a viable approach to move forward with the concept of return period for engineering design and management in a nonstationary world.     

Pesticides in rain in four agricultural watersheds in the United States

Rainfall samples were collected during the 2003 and 2004 growing seasons at four agricultural locales across the USA in Maryland, Indiana, Nebraska, and California. The samples were analyzed for 21 insecticides, 18 herbicides, three fungicides, and 40 pesticide degradates. Data from all sites combined show that 7 of the 10 most frequently detected pesticides were herbicides, with atrazine (70%) and metolachlor (83%) detected at every site. Dacthal, acetochlor, simazine, alachlor, and pendimethalin were detected in more than 50% of the samples. Chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, and diazinon were the only insecticides among the 10 most frequently detected compounds. Of the remaining pesticide parent compounds, 18 were detected in fewer than 30% of the samples, and 13 were not detected. The most frequently detected degradates were deethylatrazine; the oxygen analogs (OAs) of the organophosphorus insecticides chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and malathion; and 1-napthol (degradate of carbaryl). Deethylatrazine was detected in nearly 70% of the samples collected in Maryland, Indiana, and Nebraska but was detected only once in California. The OAs of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were detected primarily in California. Degradates of the acetanilide herbicides were rarely detected in rain, indicating that they are not formed in the atmosphere or readily volatilized from soils. Herbicides accounted for 91 to 98% of the total pesticide mass deposited by rain except in California, where insecticides accounted for 61% in 2004. The mass of pesticides deposited by rainfall was estimated to be less than 2% of the total applied in these agricultural areas.     

Investment in human capital in Africa

Summary The author analyses the problems currently faced by the African continent, recognises six factors which he believes are important in influencing the analysis, and argues that the only secure, renewable asset any country or continent has, is its people. He maintains that people development, rather than the classical economic forms of encouraging development, offers Africa a viable way forward. He then identifies a number of specific issues within such a strategy of investment in human capital.Brian Walker is the President of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), and this address was given at the inaugural meeting of the International Year of Shelter for the Homeless, in London, on 18th April, 1985. A second, earlier, associated address was published inThe Environmentalist 5(3) 167–170.     

Environmental assessment in countries in transition: evolution in a changing context

Over the last fifteen years, Environmental Assessment systems of transitional societies of Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia have undergone dramatic change from appraisals integrated into centrally planned economies to formal procedures aimed to ensure interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts and linked to publicly accountable decision-making. In most Central European nations, EA systems have been radically reformed to approximate the procedures used in developed countries, particularly in the European Union. In contrast, EA in most of the former Soviet republics has been reformed more gradually and is still based on the so-called State Environmental Review procedure inherited from the USSR and substantially different from 'Western' EA. About one-third of the transitional countries (in the Balkans, the Caucasus and Central Asia) have, so far, failed to establish functioning EA systems. Throughout the region, there has been a gap between EA legislation and practice, especially concerning interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts, public participation, and utilisation of EA findings in decision-making. A key driving force in the reform of EA systems has been the change in their societal context, the so-called 'process of transition'. Three main policy agendas--environmental protection, reforms of decision-making, and conforming to international requirements--along with the institutional context of EA regulations and practice have influenced both the change of EA systems over time and the regional variations in the patterns of their evolution. This study suggests that an effective reform of an EA system should be context-sensitive, or be 'in gear' with the political and economic transition. Future EA research should consider their changing societal contexts and focused on practical effects of applying EA procedures.     

Private participation in isolated grids in Mozambique

This article presents a case study from Mozambique of the electrification of two selected towns under a World Bank financed project. Low-cost electricity services were extended to the two isolated areas after an enabling framework had been created for private sector participation. The World Bank project also demonstrates that the private sector can be attracted to participate in rural electrification schemes even in a poor country. The example shown in this article is one of the few of its kind in SubSaharan Africa.     

我国城市生态评价研究进展

城市建设带来了越来越多的生态环境问题,生态城市建设是解决这些问题的良好途径。生态城市的建设要有一定的评价体系作为支撑,本文综述了国内基于AHP方法建立的应用较为广泛的城市生态评价体系和方法,并对国内城市生态评价的现状做了分析。     

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术研究进展

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术已得到了广泛关注.本文从电极材料与应用,电极结构及反应器形状,以及与其它处理方法联用等综述了最新研究进展,并在此基础上总结出了电催化氧化技术今后的发展方向.     

Community-company relations in gold mining in Ghana

As a result of Structural Adjustment Programme from the 1980s, many developing countries have experienced an increase in resource extraction activities by international and transnational corporations. The work reported here examines the perceived impacts of gold mining at the community level in the Wassa West District of Ghana, Africa and discusses those perceived impacts in the context of globalization processes and growing multinational corporate interest in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Interview data compared community members' perceptions with those of company representatives in three communities. The results indicate that communities held companies responsible for a series of economic, social, and environmental changes. While recognizing some of the benefits brought by the mines, communities felt that the companies did not live up to their responsibility to support local development. Companies responded by denying, dismissing concerns, or shifting blame. Findings from this work show that lack of engagement and action by government agencies at all levels resulted in companies acting in a surrogate governmental capacity. In such situations, managing expectations is key to community-company relations.     

Water management problems in economies in transition

Ambitious programmes of reform in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) are threatened by a serious deterioration of the environment. Large-scale damage of the natural environment in many forms, including water pollution has created development barriers which adversely affect the living conditions of current and future generations. Despite similar patterns of environmental policy in the CEE countries compared with their Western counterparts, neither environmental legislation nor economic incentives have produced any significant improvement in water quality over the last 10–20 years. For that very reason in the transition period, it is necessary to identify existing deficiencies in the system and to build up a mixed system of new institutions of water management, more realistic legislation with a strong enforcement system, and market based incentives for water conservation and protection against pollution.