连云港田湾海域沉积物中放射性核素分布与沉积速率

本文基于连云港田湾海域沉积物中放射性核素含量的测定结果,分析了表层沉积物中放射性核素含量的平面分布和柱状沉积物中放射性核素含量及垂向分布特征,并讨论了核素之间的内在关联和田湾近岸区的沉积速率。结果显示:（1）田湾海域表层沉积物类型基本为粉砂质黏土和黏土质粉砂,其中值粒径约为0.006 mm,平均黏土含量约为45%,属典型淤泥质海岸沉积物特征;（2）表层沉积物中某一放射性核素（210Pb、238U、228Ra、40K、226Ra、228Th、137Cs）比活度变化较大,但总体上处于相同水平;（3）210Pb、226Ra、238U和228Th垂向比活度范围分别为32.6～48.8 Bq/kg、17.6～33.3 Bq/kg、15.1～40.8 Bq/kg和40.31～86.9 Bq/kg,各核素含量随深度增加的变化规律有所不同;（4）柱状样中垂向上210Pb/226Ra活度比值为1.2～2.6,均值为1.5,210Pb明显过剩,且其过剩量与埋深有较明显的关系;（5）田湾附近50多年来的平均沉积速率为2.3 cm/a,60 cm以浅的沉积速率约为3.0 cm/a,60 cm以深的沉积速率约为1.0 cm/a;60 cm以浅的沉积速率较快,可能与近年来周边工程较多（田湾跨海大桥、取排水口、港区扩建等）有关。     

阳江核电站附近海域表层沉积物中γ放射性核素含量水平

用HPGe-γ谱分析方法测定了阳江核电海域表层沉积物中238U、226Ra、210Pb、228Th、228Ra、40K、137Cs、134Cs、110mAg、58Co和60Co共11种核素的比活度,238U、226Ra、210Pb、228Th、228Ra、40K、137Cs等7种核素的放射性比活度范围分别为75.2~102.0、32.6~38.6、86.9~148、54.3~71.3、40.9~70.6、580~660和 < 0.16~3.82 Bq/kg_干重,平均值分别为82.4±5.2、35.5±2.0、121.7±14、60.2±3.1、57.1±3.1、621±29和2.21±0.31 Bq/kg_干重,134Cs、110mAg、58Co和60Co等4种核素的比活度均低于检测限。沉积物中226Ra/238U、210Pb/226Ra和228Th/228Ra比值的范围分别为0.35~0.48,2.63~4.17和0.96~1.36,平均值分别为0.43、3.43和1.06。结果显示,该海域表层沉积物中210Pb相对于226Ra过剩,226Ra相对于238U亏损,而228Th与228Ra基本平衡;沉积物中γ放射性核素含量水平与粒度分布、离岸距离无明显相关性。     

陆丰核电周边海域表层沉积物放射性核素比活度水平研究初探

本文采用γ能谱法对陆丰核电周边海域表层沉积物中的放射性核素进行分析测定。研究表明, 陆丰核电周边海域表层沉积物样品中的铀系核素衰变不平衡:210Pb相对于226Ra过剩;226Ra相对于238U缺损。钍系核素228Th和228Ra则接近衰变平衡。与我国部分海域沉积物放射性含量相比,陆丰核电周边海域表层沉积物样品中核素238U、228Th的放射性比活度值位于中等水平,其余核素（40K、226Ra、210Pb、228Ra 、 137Cs）的比活度值均接近于南海东北部表层沉积物核素比活度值。总体而言,研究海域表层沉积物样品放射性水平与历史数据无明显差异,处于本底范围。     

大连近海沉积物中放射性核素分布及环境指示

基于大连近海表层和柱状沉积物中放射性核素~(238)U、~(226)Ra、~(210)Pb、~(40)K和~(137)Cs比活度与分布特征分析,对大连近海的沉积环境进行讨论.结果表明,水平方向上放射性核素含量均分别处于同一水平,陆源输入特征明显;垂直方向上40K比活度随深度变化较小,~(238)U、~(226)Ra、~(210)Pb和~(137)Cs比活度随深度增加出现波动,整体上不存在物质输入的显著变化,沉积环境相对稳定;~(2~(26Ra相对于母体~(238U亏损,~(210Pb相对于母体~(2~(26Ra过剩,~(40)K和~(137)Cs之间存在显著的正相关关系.利用~(210)Pbex法和~(137)Cs法分别计算得到大连近海沉积速率为0.49和0.43cm/a.     

广西防城港核电周边红树林沉积物中放射性核素是否存在富集现象?

放射性核素作为一类被广泛关注的危险物质,红树林典型生态系统中放射性核素研究极少。本研究利用高纯锗γ谱仪探索广西防城港核电站周边10处不同地点的红树林表层及沉积物柱样中天然放射性核素含量及分布特征。结果表明,红树林区表层沉积物中238U、226Ra、228Ra、40K活度范围分别为6.2～70.7 Bq/kg、7.3～55.3 Bq/kg、10.0～94.1 Bq/kg、26.5～479 Bq/kg,对应均值为（27.8±19.8） Bq/kg、（21.2±13.9） Bq/kg、(35.8±24.8) Bq/kg、(177±131) Bq/kg;不同深度的沉积物柱样中238U、226Ra、228Ra、40K活度与表层沉积物的结果接近,4种核素在垂向上的含量均无显著增加或者减少的变化趋势。广西防城港核电周边红树林沉积物中放射性水平低于广西、全国、全球的土壤和我国大部分海域的放射性水平,仅高于南海珊瑚礁区极低的放射性水平。此外,红树林沉积物中226Ra/238U活度比值与我国其他海区沉积物的结果一致,范围在0.5～1.0,但是显著高于珊瑚礁区的226Ra/238U活度比值（226Ra/238U<0.1）,说明地质成因的红树林沉积物（和其它海区沉积物）与生物成因的珊瑚礁沉积物存在显著不同的物质来源机制。总之,本研究结果表明广西红树林系统中天然放射性核素不存在富集现象。     

昌江核电站运营前附近海域总β放射性水平

在昌江核电站运营前,研究人员对其附近海域做了水质、沉积物和海洋生物总β放射性调查,并与我国其他海域及昌江核电站周围的陆地环境做了对比。结果表明:（1）海水样品总β比活度范围为0.040～0.074 Bq/L,平均值为0.054 Bq/L,与渤海、黄海、东海、南海近海、大亚湾核电站等海域相比,昌江核电站海域海水中总β放射性水平相对较低;（2）表层沉积物中总β比活度范围为257～925 Bq/kg,平均值为653 Bq/kg,研究海域沉积物中总β放射性水平与香港、青岛、阳江等海域水平相当;（3）海洋生物样品中总β比活度范围为8.7～63.8 Bq/kg,平均值为48.0 Bq/kg,海鱼类、虾类和贝类体内总β平均值分别为56.7 Bq/kg、63.4 Bq/kg和24.0 Bq/kg,鱼类和虾类明显大于贝类。本研究可为今后科学、合理地评价核电站运行对海洋环境的影响提供重要的数据支撑。     

东中国海表层海水137Cs分布的影响因素

采集山东半岛附近海域表层海水样品,分析137Cs分布特征,并结合东中国海137Cs比活度数据,探讨影响表层海水137Cs分布的因素。结果表明:（1）山东半岛附近海域表层海水137Cs比活度在0.60±0.18~1.21±0.19 Bq/m3之间,平均值为0.90±0.17 Bq/m3。沿岸137Cs比活度较离岸小,主要受沿岸流影响。（2）东中国海各海域137Cs空间分布受大气不均匀沉降,沿岸流,河流冲淡水等因素影响;随时间变化,整个东中国海表层137Cs活度降低,切尔诺贝利核事故对东中国海影响不大。（3）渤海表层137Cs海水析出速率为0.046/a,高于黄海（0.032/a）和东海（0.027/a）,与较高的颗粒物质吸附能力和水体横纵向混合过程有关。     

黔中高原岩溶丘陵坡地土壤中的~(137)Cs分布

黔中岩溶坡地土壤中137Cs的深度分布坡顶和坡底具有相同的趋势,次表层土壤中137Cs的比活度最大;坡中土壤中137Cs的含量先增加后陡然减少。岩溶坡地土壤中137Cs的比活度介于9.1 Bq/kg~56.9 Bq/kg之间,变化趋势顺坡降低,与土层厚度变化趋势相反;平均比活度为26.1 Bq/kg,远远大于本底值。岩溶坡地土壤中137Cs的面积活度介于144.7 Bq/m2~440.2 Bq/m2之间,顺坡变化趋势不明显;与本底值比较,流失比较大;可能的原因一是黔中岩溶坡地早期石漠化较严重,基岩无法吸附137Cs,导致核爆期间沉降的137Cs随水流失;二是岩溶坡地土壤中的137Cs随土壤颗粒发生了地下漏失。基于以上调查和目前的计算模型,认为用于调查均质土壤地区土壤侵蚀的137Cs法暂时不适合直接用于基岩型岩溶坡地土壤侵蚀速率的调查。     

崇明东滩不同高程潮间带沉积物中210Po和210Pb的时空特征

210Po和210Pb在海洋环境过程和放射生态学研究中有重要的意义。基于2010年每月采集崇明东滩潮间带表层沉积物,分析其210Po和210Pb活度,结合大气沉降和长江河流输入的210Po和210Pb通量,研究了210Po和210Pb的时、空变化规律及其影响因素。结果表明:表层沉积物平均粒径春夏季接近,且明显低于秋冬季;由北到南,由陆向海,平均粒径均逐渐增大。崇明东滩表层沉积物中210Po和210Pb的比活度介于20.9~124 Bq/kg和26.1~101 Bq/kg,均高于同期徐六泾(长江河流入海节点)悬浮颗粒物中210Po和210Pb相应的值。北、中、南三个断面210Po/210Pb比值的平均值分别为:1.05,1.06和0.97,崇明东滩表层沉积物的主要来源为陆源的河流输送。从空间分布来看,210Po和210Pb的比活度随潮滩高程的降低而逐渐减小的特征,季节特征为在夏季最高,而冬季相对较低。     

闽东南土壤岩石中天然放射性核素水平调查研究

报道了闽东南地区土壤岩石中天然放射性核素含量调查的结果。调查布点基本与环境陆地γ辐射剂量率调查布点同位。该调查结果表明 :闽东南地区由花岗岩、混合岩和中酸性火山岩就地分化残留物沉积而成的酸性红壤土中的2 38U、2 32 Th、2 2 6 Ra、4 0 K放射性核素平均含量分别为 62 .3Bq/kg、73 .2Bq/kg、1 1 5Bq/kg和 872Bq/kg ;2 38U、2 2 6 Ra含量 ,花岗岩类 >中酸性火山岩类 变质岩类 >基性岩类 ;2 32 Th、4 0 K含量 ,中酸性火山岩类 >花岗岩类 变质岩类 >基性岩类 ,与不同岩石所在地区原野γ辐射剂量率、室外空气中2 2 2 Rn及其子体浓度的测定结果基本一致。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.