废铅酸蓄电池铅膏柠檬酸浸出动力学研究

通过研究废铅酸蓄电池铅膏柠檬酸-柠檬酸钠浸出过程中PbSO4转化率随时间变化,考查了物料粒度、搅拌速度和浸出温度对转化率的影响,建立了反应的动力学方程,并计算了浸出反应表观活化能。结果表明,减小物料粒度、提高浸出温度和适当提高搅拌速度,均可提高硫酸铅转化率。浸出反应表观活化能为67.82 kJ/mol,浸出反应受化学反应步骤控制。     

焚烧飞灰中Pb的浸出特征及预处理效果

着重研究飞灰中重金属铅的浸出行为,探讨焚烧飞灰在不同添加剂预处理下的稳定化效果。结果显示,飞灰主要重金属为铅,在液固比0.4 L·kg-1、养护7 d条件下,分别将水泥添加量从0增至40%、磷酸钠添加量从2%增至5%、绿矾从2%增至5%,铅的稳定效果均与以上添加剂的质量百分比呈正相关性。硫化钠添加量在0至0.4%内时,铅的稳定效果与其添加量呈负相关性,超过0.4%后呈正相关性。当在飞灰中添加4%绿矾、3%磷酸钠、0.5%硫化钠、15%水泥的复合添加剂时,符合卫生填埋场入场标准,且增容比最小,经济上最省。     

Study of trace metal leaching from coals into seawater

The behaviour of three South African coals in water and, particularly in seawater, was examined. A sequential speciation procedure used to evaluate trace metal partitioning in coal has shown that trace metals will not be easily released from these coals into environmental ecosystems. Only a few trace elements are slightly leached from these coals into water or seawater at pH around 8. On the other hand, Mn is highly leached from these coals into water or seawater. It has been clearly shown that Mn concentrations are highly correlated to sulfate and calcium concentrations indicating that Mn is mainly solubilized into water simultaneously to gypsum; the leaching efficiency being severely reduced for coal having a high calcite content. The leaching percentage of Mn into seawater is enhanced by the presence of seawater salts that increases gypsum solubility. The leaching process of Mn from coal into water or seawater is governed by gypsum solubilization and is relatively rapid during the first thirty minutes, then very slow. In this study, it has been also shown that, depending on their physico-chemical properties, trace metals may be removed from seawater solutions in the presence of coal having a high calcite content. In this work, it has been also shown that some elements, particularly Fe, are greatly solubilized into seawater in the presence of a strong chelating agent like EDTA. Like for Mn, the leaching rate of metals from coal in the presence of EDTA is relatively rapid during the first 30 min then much slower, suggesting a solubilization process simultaneously to gypsum or/and calcite solubilization.     

Initiatives to reduce lead from electronic devices: evidence of success from the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure

Discarded electronic devices (E-waste) have historically been found to exceed US Toxicity Characteristic hazardous waste thresholds for lead. Research was conducted to assess whether global and national lead reduction initiatives in the past decade translate to reduced toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) lead leaching from E-waste. Nine categories of devices were subjected to TCLP and in all devices except one (smoke detectors), mean TCLP lead concentration results decreased by an order of magnitude or more (to levels below regulation thresholds). Mean TCLP lead concentrations decreased from 29.1 mg/L (2000–2005) to 0.224 mg/L (2008+) for cell phones and 1.26 mg/L (2000–2005) to 0.060 mg/L (2008+) for PCs. Most recently manufactured electronic devices (of those types tested here) comply with the definition of non-hazardous waste under US regulations.

Implications: Discarded electronic devices (E-waste) have often been tested as hazardous waste in the US because of lead leaching. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) testing on more recently manufactured devices reveals that global lead reduction efforts have resulted in newer devices complying with US non-hazardous waste definitions. While these results highlight the success of lead reduction efforts, they raise policy questions regarding how best to incentivize E-waste recycling going forward.     

Anaerobic degradation of microcrystalline cellulose: kinetics and micro-scale structure evolution

The degradation kinetics and micro-scale structure change of microcrystalline cellulose during anaerobic biodegradation were investigated. A modified Logistic model was established to properly describe the kinetics, which showed good fitness and wide applicability for cellulose degradation. A maximum degradation rate of 0.14 g L⁻¹ h⁻¹ was achieved after cultivating for 51.5 h. This result was in good agreement with the scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction analysis. Channels of 400-500 nm size started to occur on the crystalline surface of cellulose at around the inflexion time. Accordingly, the crystallinity significantly decreased at this point, indicating a degradation of the crystalline structure zones by anaerobic bacteria. This study offers direct morphological evidence and quantitative analysis of the biodegradation process of cellulose, and is beneficial to a better understanding of the cellulose degradation mechanism.     

响应曲面法优化炼铅高砷烟尘的浸出工艺

考察炼铅高砷烟尘中砷在水中的浸出行为.采用响应曲面法常用的中心复合设计对液固比、温度和时间工艺参数进行优化研究.结果表明,温度对砷浸出率的影响最大,时间次之,液固比最小.通过响应曲面法优化得到的最佳浸出工艺为:液固比=14:1,温度85℃,时间120 min.该条件下3次验证实验的砷浸出率平均值为89.64%,与预测值89.88%无显著差异,表明所建模型切实可行.烟尘经过二次水浸后砷的总浸出率达到98.1%.     

Recycling lead from a zinc plant residue (ZPR) using brine leaching and cementation with aluminum powder

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - This research investigated the treatment process of an Iranian zinc plant residue for recycling lead utilizing brine leaching and cementation with...     

Baltic Sea hazardous substances management: results and challenges

The introduction into the Baltic Sea of hazardous substances that are persistent, bioaccumulate, and are toxic is an important environmental and human health problem. Multilateral efforts to address this problem have primarily been taken under the Helsinki Commission (HELCOM). This article examines past HELCOM efforts on hazardous substances, and discusses future challenges regarding their management. The article finds that past actions on hazardous substances have had a positive effect on improving Baltic environmental quality and reducing human health risks, although there are remaining issues and difficulties that need to be addressed. In particular, four related future challenges for HELCOM management of hazardous substances are identified and discussed: i) the need to engender further implementation and building public and private sector capacities; ii) the need to improve data availability, quality and comparability across the region and international fora; iii) the need to strengthen existing regulations and incorporate new issues; and iv) the need to effectively coordinate HELCOM activities with efforts on hazardous substances in other international fora.     

Effects of lead exposure on salivary glands of rats: insights into the oxidative biochemistry and glandular morphology

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - This study aimed to investigate the effects of lead (Pb) exposure on parotid and submandibular glands through morphological aspects as well as the...     

Evidence of recycling of lead battery waste into highly leaded jewelry

Inexpensive highly leaded jewelry, much of it imported from China, remains widely available in the United States. The source materials for these items are unknown. Due to the low cost of much of this trinket jewelry, it seems likely that scrap materials may be used in their manufacture. Thirty-nine jewelry items previously determined to contain 90% or more lead by weight were analyzed for antimony content. The average antimony content of these thirty-nine items was 3.0%. The range of antimony content in the samples was from 0.3% to 6.2% antimony by weight, with twenty-seven of the samples in the range of 2-4% antimony by weight. By comparison, battery lead standard reference material obtained from the US National Institute of Standards and Technology contains 2.95% antimony by weight. While the evidence is circumstantial, the similarity in composition of these samples to battery lead is striking and supports the hypothesis that some battery lead is being recycled into highly leaded jewelry items. These results suggest that the recycling of this waste in China needs to be investigated, as the use of lead battery waste as a source material for children's jewelry poses a clear threat to children's health.     

Cysteine- and glutathione-mediated uptake of lead and cadmium into Zea mays and Brassica napus roots

This study examines a new mechanism for the uptake of Pb and Cd into Brassica napus and Zea mays roots. During hydroponic experiments, the uptake of Pb and Cd was enhanced in the presence of cysteine and glutathione, whereas no or very low uptake was observed in EDTA and penicillamine controls. Uptake rates were also enhanced after pre-exposure to cysteine or glutathione and inhibited in the presence of vanadate, suggesting a biological mechanism of uptake. Increasing concentrations of glutathione in solution resulted in decreasing Pb uptake rates, indicating competition for transport between free-glutathione and Pb–glutathione species. Pb uptake in the presence of increasing cysteine concentrations resulted in decreased uptake initially but linearly increasing uptake at higher concentrations. Experimentation showed concentration dependent Pb uptake rates. We speculate that there are specific transporters for these thiol ligands and describe what barriers remain for application of this novel transport mechanism in chelator-assisted phytoremediation.     

Evaluation of soil temperature effect on herbicide leaching potential into groundwater in the Brazilian Cerrado

The effect of annual variations in the daily average soil temperatures, at different depths, on the calculation of pesticide leaching potential indices is presented. This index can be applied to assess the risk of groundwater contamination by a pesticide. It considers the effects of water table depth, daily recharge net rate, pesticide sorption coefficient, and degradation rate of the pesticide in the soil. The leaching potential index is frequently used as a screening indicator in pesticide groundwater contamination studies, and the temperature effect involved in its calculation is usually not considered. It is well known that soil temperature affects pesticide degradation rates, air-water partition coefficient, and water-soil partition coefficient. These three parameters are components of the attenuation and retardation factors, as well as the leaching potential index, and contribute to determine pesticide behavior in the environment. The Arrhenius, van't Hoff, and Clausius-Clapeyron equations were used in this work to estimate the soil temperature effect on pesticide degradation rate, air-water partition coefficient, and water-soil partition coefficient, respectively. The relationship between leaching potential index and soil temperature at different depths is presented and aids in the understanding of how potential pesticide groundwater contamination varies on different climatic conditions. Numerical results will be presented for 31 herbicides known to be used in corn and soybean crops grown on the municipality of S?o Gabriel do Oeste, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil.     

Air quality modeling of hazardous pollutants: current status and future directions

The current requirements and status of air quality modeling of hazardous pollutants are reviewed. Many applications require the ability to predict the local impacts from industrial sources or large roadways as needed for community health characterization and evaluating environmental justice concerns. Such local-scale modeling assessments can be performed by using Gaussian dispersion models. However, these models have a limited ability to handle chemical transformations. A new generation of Eulerian grid-based models is now capable of comprehensively treating transport and chemical transformations of air toxics. However, they typically have coarse spatial resolution, and their computational requirements increase dramatically with finer spatial resolution. The authors present and discuss possible advanced approaches that can combine the grid-based models with local-scale information.     

Selective leaching of atmospheric aerosols: Resolution of limestone and cement

Samples of cement, limestone and soil aerosols prepared in our laboratory were tested for the aqueous solubility of Ca, Mg, Al, Fe and Si. While these elements were found to be practically non-leachable by water from soil, approximately 90% of Ca and 60% of Mg were extractable from cement and limestone aerosols. About 80% of Al and almost all the Si were also teachable from the cement aerosols. A method was developed for resolving limestone and cement aerosols from soil using water-soluble Ca and Mg as their marker elements. Furthermore cement and limestone could be resolved from one another using watersoluble Al (and/or Si) as the marker element of cement. The method was successfully tested on ambient aerosols collected near three cement factories. In the water extracts of these samples, a linear relationship was observed between Ca and Mg, the slope for which was in accordance with that expected for limestone and cement. Similarly, the insoluble Ca and Mg (obtained by subtracting Ca and Mg in the water extract from the total) showed a linear relationship with the insoluble Al. Their slopes were again typical of those reported for soils. This study demonstrated that selective leaching can be used to determine cement, limestone and soil components in ambient aerosols. Selective leaching with other solvents may enable a more complete apportionment of atmospheric aerosol sources.     

稳定化/固化废物中重金属的渗漏行为

采用穿透渗漏和常见的环绕流动渗漏（动态渗漏）实验方法,研究和比较了经水泥固化的稳定化／固化有毒有害废物的渗漏行为,所用的合成重废物样吕由Ｐｂ＾２＋、Ｚｎ＾２＋、Ｃｕ＾２＋、Ｎｉ＾２＋和Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）等５种重金属组成,结果表明,在同种渗漏方式中,重金属的渗漏行为不同。发生穿透渗漏时,重金属的渗漏速率较环绕流动渗漏时高。由于穿透渗漏加束渗漏过程,因此用它研究废物渗漏行为可节省实验时间。     

Study of controlled migration of cadmium and lead into foods from plastic utensils for children

Lead (Pb) is a highly neurotoxic chemical element known for reducing intelligence quotient (IQ) and promoting antisocial behavior in children and adolescents, while cadmium (Cd) is a carcinogenic bioaccumulative element. Both these metals are included in the priority pollutant list of the United States Environmental Protection Agency and in the WHO List of Chemicals of Major Public Health Concern, where contaminated foods and beverages are the most common pathways of exposure. The objective of this study was to determine total Cd and Pb levels in colored plastic utensils (cups, mugs, bowls, feeding bottles, and plates) for use by children and to measure the specific migration of these elements into beverages and foods. Total contaminant levels were determined using a handheld X-ray fluorescence analyzer. Specific migration tests were conducted using the simulant solutions acetic acid 3% (m/v) and water. Migration levels were determined by ICP-MS. Specific migration tests for Pb were also performed on commercially available samples (cola soft drink, orange juice, vinegar, and milk), with levels determined by graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS). A total of 674 utensils were analyzed in loco at major commercial centers in Greater São Paulo, of which 87 were purchased for containing Cd and Pb concentrations above permitted limits. Mean concentrations of the metals detected in the purchased utensils were 1110 ppm for Pb and 338 ppm for Cd. For specific migration assays, Pb levels were 187, 13, and 380 times above the permitted limit (0.01 mg.kg -1) for acetic acid, water, and orange juice, respectively. Cd levels were 50 and 2.4 times above the maximum permitted limit (0.005 mg.kg -1) for acetic acid and water, respectively. The districts where the utensils were purchased were grouped according to their social vulnerability index and compared using ANOVA. Pb levels were different between low and medium/high social vulnerability groups (p?=?0.006). The findings corroborate the initial hypothesis that these utensils constitute a major source of exposure to PTEs such as Cd and Pb, pointing to the need for stricter regulation and inspection by the Brazilian regulatory agencies.

     

Afriwaste The fixation and stabilisation of hazardous waste

The disposal of hazardous and toxic wastes is an area where utmost care and responsibility needs to be exercised. A certain (and mostly acceptable) level of care and responsibility has been legislated and is in place in most developed economies (UK, USA, Canada, Europe, etc.). This is, however, generally not the case in under-developed or developing economies, South Africa being no exception. This paper reflects on various disposal methods and describes a potentially economic alternative to existing methods of the disposal of toxic and hazardous wastes. These existing methods are: Disposal in Class I landfill sites and destruction via incineration.     

Synthesis of porous hydroxysodalite from aluminosilicate rich clay soils: application towards fluoride and pathogen removal

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - This article discussed the potential application of hydrothermally synthesized porous hydroxysodalite material synthesized from aluminosilicate clay...