企业参与对CDM环境效力影响研究

扩大企业对CDM的参与是提高清洁发展机制减排效果的关键因素，但是随着参与的不断扩大，可能产生价格因素、小项目开发障碍、“普遍性”等阻碍因素，将影响企业对CDM参与性的继续扩大，对减排效果的提高造成负面影响。在对企业参与和CDM环境效力相互关系探讨的基础上，本文对如何继续扩大参与、加大减排提出了发展建议。     

鹤煤(集团)公司煤层气发电项目CDM开发

简要介绍了鹤煤（集团）公司煤层气开发利用现状和我国清洁发展机制（CDM）运行情况，分析了煤层气发电项目参与CDM的可行性，煤层气发电项目参与CDM符合国家相关政策，而且可为鹤煤（集团）公司带来可观的经济效益，能够实现环境保护与经济发展“双赢”战略。     

CDM的项目合格性识别分析

随着清洁发展机制(CDM)在全球的迅速发展,在中国也有越来越多的企业投入其中.在开发CDM项目的过程中,项目合格性的识别是第一步也是极其重要的一步,它关系到项目开发一系列步骤的顺利实施,更会对项目注册风险和减排量核证产生重大的影响.在识别项目合格性时需要考虑众多因素,其中最为重要的就是额外性分析,它是CDM项目的典型特征.另外,利益相关者的意见作为单独考虑的重要方面也需要引起足够的重视.     

CDM项目温室气体减排成本的不确定性分析

以清洁发展机制(CDM)为背景,针对计算温室气体排放量和减排成本中存在的不确定性进行了MonteCarlo模拟研究,分析了不确定性变量是如何影响决策变量的.结论是:各类碳排放因子、碳排放量、碳减排成本、减排收益是相互关联而存在连锁影响的,其中的发电碳排放因子和煤炭开采释放的甲烷排放系数是主要的.这为进一步计算或估计存在的风险,从而为参与CDM谈判决策提供重要的决策参考.     

内蒙古清洁发展机制（CDM）项目现状分析及对策

清洁发展机制（Clean Development Mechanism,简称CDM）是《京都议定书》规定的3种温室气体减排途径之一,也是发展中国家唯一的参与温室气体减排的机制。本文以我国现阶段CDM项目发展现状为背景,具体针对内蒙古CDM项目现状及存在的问题（截至2010年9月7日）展开分析,提出内蒙古发展CDM项目的解决对策。     

内蒙古清洁发展机制(CDM)项目现状分析及对策

清洁发展机制(Clean Development Mechanism,简称CDM)是《京都议定书》规定的3种温室气体减排途径之一,也是发展中国家唯一的参与温室气体减排的机制。本文以我国现阶段CDM项目发展现状为背景,具体针对内蒙古CDM项目现状及存在的问题(截止2010年9月7日)展开分析,提出内蒙古发展CDM项目的解决对策。     

清洁发展机制项目合格性识别方法

在开发清洁发展机制（CDM）项目的过程中,项目识别是第一步也是极其重要的一步,它关系到项目开发一系列步骤的顺利实施,更会对项目注册风险和减排量核证产生重大的影响。本文从截至2008年10月8日已得到中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会批准的项目出发,对这些项目的温室气体减排类型和涉及的相关企业类型作了详细的分析和汇总,总结出识别CDM项目合格与否的简便而有效的方法和步骤。     

中国CDM市场现状分析和管制建议

《京都议定书》的生效、CDM项目活动在全球的广泛开展为发展中国家寻求经济和环境的共赢发展带来了前所未有的机遇,中国的经济正处于高速发展中,在未来的国际CDM市场中必将扮演重要的角色。虽然我国在开发CDM项目、促进温室气体减排方面做出了突出的贡献,但仍然存在项目分布不合理、信息不对称、偏离方法学等明显问题。面对未来可以预见的国际环境压力,我们应当加强管制,充分利用好CDM的机遇。在借鉴印度、巴西等其他发展中国家的做法、总结自身经验和不足的基础上,提出CDM项目的管制建议,在政策引导、宣传培训、项目选择和方法学应用等方面调整CDM项目的发展策略,为我国的参与CDM带来更为巨大的商机和活力。     

CDM问题的冷思考

CDM,即清洁发展机制,是基于《京都议定书》衍生出的温室气体跨界减排的三大机制之一。发达国家可以通过向不承担减排义务的发展中国家购买"可核证的排放削减量(CERs)",从而履行《京都议定书》所规定的减排义务。目前中国正在积极发展CDM项目。在CDM给中国带来利益的同时,也要警惕审批程序带来的不确定性、恶性价格竞争、未来政策的变动及额外性要求和成本偏高等风险,提高认识水平、加强内外沟通、深入方法学研究、拓展CDM项目领域、把握技术规则和排放标准的主动权是我们应该积极主动采取的对策。     

清洁发展机制与环境污染防治

清洁发展机制（Clean Development Mechanism,简称CDM）是一项能够促进发展中国家获得发达国家额外资金和环境友好技术,从而保护气候和环境的新兴事业。环境污染防治作为一项艰巨的任务,以其复杂性和长期性一直备受重视。本文旨在通过分析论述,认识CDM和环境污染防治之间的关系,进一步推广CDM知识,推动环境污染防治领域的有关部门、企业和项目充分关注和利用CDM,促进环境污染防治的开展,有利于节能减排工作。     

Capability development of local communities for project sustainability in afforestation/reforestation clean development mechanism

It has been recognized that the involvement of local community is essential to ensure the sustainability of A/R CDM (afforestation/reforestation clean development mechanism) project. This study verifies if the risks of non-permanence and leakage are addressed in a registered small scale A/R CDM project in Vietnam. Workshops, interviews, and a questionnaire survey of local villagers revealed that the project has caused a shortage of land for conventional activities such as grazing, fuel wood collection and shifting cultivation, and consequently posed the risks of project non-permanence and leakage. It is suggested that participation of all stakeholders in the community to the A/R CDM project beyond existing land tenure and adequate carbon benefit sharing according to the level of contribution to the project are required to reduce the risk of non permanence. To ensure the participation, the community should have capability such as consensus building and collective action. Leakage would be minimized if the community has alternative measures to the conventional activities before starting the project. We argue that it is necessary to first develop a community’s capabilities in the readiness phase of any A/R CDM project in order to reduce the risks for the project sustainability, and that new sources of funding are needed for this purpose.     

Forest conservation and the clean development mechanism: Lessons from the Costa Rican protected areas project

Deforestation is currentlythe source of about 20% of anthropogenicCO₂ emissions. Avoided deforestationhas, nonetheless, been ruled out as a CleanDevelopment Mechanism (CDM) category in theKyoto Protocol's first commitment period,because several methodological issues wereconsidered too difficult to resolve. Thispaper explores whether CDM issues such as(1) carbon quantification, (2)additionality and baseline setting, (3)leakage risks, (4) non-permanence risks,and (5) sustainable development can beadequately dealt with in large, diversifiedforest conservation projects. To this aim,it studies the case of the Costa RicanProtected Areas Project (PAP), anActivities Implemented Jointly (AIJ)project which was meant to consolidate thenational park system to avoiddeforestation, promote the growth ofsecondary forests and regenerate pastureson an area that, in total, covers 10% ofthe national territory. The case studyexamines how the issues mentioned abovehave been addressed in the project designand in the certification process. It isfound that baseline uncertainties are themajor problem in this case. Nonetheless,the case suggests the possibility toaddress CDM issues by specific requirementsfor project design and very conservativeand temporary crediting. Provided thatother case studies support this conclusion,eligibility of well-designed forestconservation projects under the CDM in thesecond commitment period may be worthconsidering, given the secondary benefitsof avoided deforestation.     

Millennium development goals and clean development: synergies in the Pacific

This paper addresses synergies between the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), and considers how the CDM can facilitate the MDGs in Pacific Island Countries (PICs). To date, only 6 CDM projects have been registered in PICs, highlighting the ‘lose-lose’ business case that applies to this type of project development. This paper identifies constraints on and opportunities for CDM project development in PICs, and proposes a range of specific policy reform measures that could alter existing negative investment profiles. Key findings are that small-scale agricultural projects providing renewable energy from existing sources of biomass (currently seen as waste) are ideal candidates for CDM investment in PICs, and that the single most important reform to facilitate CDM activity and contribute to achieving the MDGs would be the implementation of a regional approach to CDM administration, in which a regional body became the designated CDM Authority for all states in the region. This would offset investment risk, improve governance transparency, and facilitate a targeted approach to sustainable development activities in the Pacific region.     

上海开发风电CDM项目的机遇分析

《京都议定书》的正式生效，促进了世界清洁发展机制（cDM）项目的迅速开发。由于上海经济发展迅速，能源消耗较大，有潜力进行CDM项目开发。上海电力是上海能耗较大的行业之一，应该积极进行CDM项目研究。文章分析了国家电力行业开发CDM的主导方向，根据已有方法学的选择原则。上海电力行业首选发展风电CDM项目。探讨了上海发展风力发电项目的潜力和可行性。以辉腾锡勒风电场CDM项目为例，介绍了我国风电CDM项目注册成功的经验。     

The promotion of clean development mechanism to cement industry capturing waste heat for power generation in China

The clean development mechanism (CDM), one of three flexible mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol, has received noticeable attention in cement industry in china. In this paper we will discuss in past the utilization ratios of waste heat generated in cement industry are at low level in China and at present it is at high level and how the CDM contributes to upgrade cement industry structure. Making fully use of the opportunity brought by clean development mechanism can help cement enterprises in china to recover the waste heat generated in the process of cement production. Implementing the development of clean development mechanism projects in cement industry field, mainly focusing on waste heat for power generation projects, can not only reduce environmental pollution, but also bring certain economic and social benefit. It is in favor of promoting the upgrade of cement industrial structure, and will contribute to positive and far-reaching effect toward sustainable development of cement industry in China.     

Reforming the CDM for sustainable development: lessons learned and policy futures

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) has successfully demonstrated that market-based mechanisms can achieve some cost effective emissions reductions in developing countries. However the distribution of CDM projects has been extremely uneven across countries and regions, and a few technologies and sectors have dominated the early stages of CDM experience. This has caused some to question whether the CDM has fallen short of its potential in contributing to sustainable development. We review the broad patterns of CDM project approvals and evaluate 10 CDM projects according to their sustainability benefits. The difficulty of defining “sustainable development” and the process of defining criteria by individual non-Annex 1 governments has meant that sustainable development concerns have been marginalized in some countries. Given these observed limitations, we present possible CDM policy futures, focusing on the main proposals for a post-2012 climate regime. Five options for enhancing the sustainable development benefits in the CDM are discussed, including proactive approaches to favour eligibility of emission reduction projects which ensure such co-benefits.     

The impact of the Clean Development Mechanism on developing countries’ commitment to mitigate climate change and its implications for the future

The objective of this paper is to examine the mitigation of climate change using the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) from the perspective of developing countries. The effects of the CDM on developing countries’ efforts to reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs) pledged under the Paris Agreement (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change [UNFCCC], 21st Conference of the Parties, Paris, France) are investigated. Data analysis reveals that the intensive hosting of CDM projects and the resultant higher marginal abatement costs led to fewer efforts by developing countries to mitigate climate change. A theoretical model from the literature of “low-hanging fruits” is applied to determine if rising prices of the CDM can be expected in the future. The results indicate that the benefits for developing countries must increase so as to keep the CDM attractive for them in an environment where they also have reduction commitments. To further ensure the effectiveness of the CDM under the Paris Agreement, policy should ensure that developing countries actually charge higher prices and, at the same time, contribute adequately to the global goal of GHG reductions. To this end, developing countries should be permitted to demand benefits that lie outside the current scope of the CDM, and non-compliance with their climate targets should also be sanctioned. In addition, fostering sustainable development should become more attractive for developed countries without the CDM, e.g., through sustainability labels, so as to reduce the trade-off for developing countries between the benefits of the CDM and compliance with their commitments to mitigate climate change.

     

用于组织和产品碳足迹的中国电力温室气体排放因子

讨论了组织和产品碳足迹与清洁发展机制(CDM)在计算电力温室气体排放因子方法上的区别,在发改委电力排放因子的基础上进行了多项修正与补充,分别得到用于组织和产品碳足迹的中国电力温室气体排放因子.结果表明,发改委发布的电力基准线排放因子与本文得出的组织和产品碳足迹的排放因子有显著差距,不应混用.本文计算的排放因子可为国内组织及产品碳足迹研究提供更恰当的数据来源.